FEDERAL RULES

OF

CIVIL PROCEDURE

WITH FORMS

DECEMBER 1, 2000

E PLURIBU UNUM
S

Printed for the use
of

THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE-December 1, 2000

106TH CONGRESS " COMMITTEE PRINT ! No. 6
2d Session

FEDERAL RULES

OF

CIVIL PROCEDURE

WITH FORMS

DECEMBER 1, 2000

E PLURIBU UNUM
S

Printed for the use
of

THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 2000

For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office
Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 204029328

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

ONE HUNDRED SIXTH CONGRESS

HENRY J. HYDE, Illinois, Chairman

F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., Wisconsin JOHN CONYERS, JR., Michigan
BILL MCCOLLUM, Florida BARNEY FRANK, Massachusetts
GEORGE W. GEKAS, Pennsylvania HOWARD L. BERMAN, California
HOWARD COBLE, North Carolina RICK BOUCHER, Virginia
LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas JERROLD NADLER, New York
ELTON GALLEGLY, California ROBERT C. SCOTT, Virginia
CHARLES T. CANADY, Florida MELVIN L. WATT, North Carolina
BOB GOODLATTE, Virginia ZOE LOFGREN, California
STEVE CHABOT, Ohio SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas
BOB BARR, Georgia MAXINE WATERS, California
WILLIAM L. JENKINS, Tennessee MARTIN T. MEEHAN, Massachusetts
ASA HUTCHINSON, Arkansas WILLIAM D. DELAHUNT, Massachusetts
EDWARD A. PEASE, Indiana ROBERT WEXLER, Florida
CHRIS CANNON, Utah STEVEN R. ROTHMAN, New Jersey
JAMES E. ROGAN, California TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin
LINDSEY O. GRAHAM, South Carolina ANTHONY D. WEINER, New York
MARY BONO, California
SPENCER BACHUS, Alabama
JOE SCARBOROUGH, Florida
DAVID VITTER, Louisiana

THOMAS E. MOONEY, Sr., Chief of Staff - General Counsel
JON W. DUDAS, Staff Director - Deputy General Counsel
JULIAN EPSTEIN, Minority Chief Counsel and Staff Director
PERRY APELBAUM, Minority General Counsel

(II)

FOREWORD
This document contains the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to-
gether with forms, as amended to December 1, 2000. The rules and
forms have been promulgated and amended by the United States
Supreme Court pursuant to law, and further amended by Acts of
Congress. This document has been prepared by the Committee in
response to the need for an official up-to-date document contain-
ing the latest amendments to the rules.
For the convenience of the user, where a rule has been amended
a reference to the date the amendment was promulgated and the
date the amendment became effective follows the text of the rule.
The Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure and the Ad-
visory Committee on the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Judi-
cial Conference of the United States, prepared notes explaining
the purpose and intent of the amendments to the rules. The Com-
mittee Notes may be found in the Appendix to Title 28, United
States Code, following the particular rule to which they relate.

Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary.
DECEMBER 1, 2000.
(III)

AUTHORITY FOR PROMULGATION OF RULES
TITLE 28, UNITED STATES CODE
§ 2072. Rules of procedure and evidence; power to prescribe
(a) The Supreme Court shall have the power to prescribe general
rules of practice and procedure and rules of evidence for cases in
the United States district courts (including proceedings before
magistrates thereof) and courts of appeals.
(b) Such rules shall not abridge, enlarge or modify any sub-
stantive right. All laws in conflict with such rules shall be of no
further force or effect after such rules have taken effect.
(c) Such rules may define when a ruling of a district court is
final for the purposes of appeal under section 1291 of this title.
(Added Pub. L. 100702, title IV, § 401(a), Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4648,
eff. Dec. 1, 1988; amended Pub. L. 101650, title III, § 315, Dec. 1, 1990,
104 Stat. 5115.)
§ 2073. Rules of procedure and evidence; method of prescribing
(a)(1) The Judicial Conference shall prescribe and publish the
procedures for the consideration of proposed rules under this sec-
tion.
(2) The Judicial Conference may authorize the appointment of
committees to assist the Conference by recommending rules to be
prescribed under sections 2072 and 2075 of this title. Each such
committee shall consist of members of the bench and the profes-
sional bar, and trial and appellate judges.
(b) The Judicial Conference shall authorize the appointment of
a standing committee on rules of practice, procedure, and evi-
dence under subsection (a) of this section. Such standing commit-
tee shall review each recommendation of any other committees so
appointed and recommend to the Judicial Conference rules of
practice, procedure, and evidence and such changes in rules pro-
posed by a committee appointed under subsection (a)(2) of this
section as may be necessary to maintain consistency and other-
wise promote the interest of justice.
(c)(1) Each meeting for the transaction of business under this
chapter by any committee appointed under this section shall be
open to the public, except when the committee so meeting, in
open session and with a majority present, determines that it is in
the public interest that all or part of the remainder of the meet-
ing on that day shall be closed to the public, and states the reason
for so closing the meeting. Minutes of each meeting for the trans-
action of business under this chapter shall be maintained by the
committee and made available to the public, except that any por-
tion of such minutes, relating to a closed meeting and made avail-
able to the public, may contain such deletions as may be nec-
essary to avoid frustrating the purposes of closing the meeting.

(V)

VI AUTHORITY FOR PROMULGATION OF RULES

(2) Any meeting for the transaction of business under this chap-
ter, by a committee appointed under this section, shall be pre-
ceded by sufficient notice to enable all interested persons to at-
tend.
(d) In making a recommendation under this section or under
section 2072 or 2075, the body making that recommendation shall
provide a proposed rule, an explanatory note on the rule, and a
written report explaining the body's action, including any minor-
ity or other separate views.
(e) Failure to comply with this section does not invalidate a rule
prescribed under section 2072 or 2075 of this title.
(Added Pub. L. 100702, title IV, § 401(a), Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4649,
eff. Dec. 1, 1988; amended Pub. L. 103394, title I, § 104(e), Oct. 22,
1994, 108 Stat. 4110.)
§ 2074. Rules of procedure and evidence; submission to Congress;
effective date
(a) The Supreme Court shall transmit to the Congress not later
than May 1 of the year in which a rule prescribed under section
2072 is to become effective a copy of the proposed rule. Such rule
shall take effect no earlier than December 1 of the year in which
such rule is so transmitted unless otherwise provided by law. The
Supreme Court may fix the extent such rule shall apply to pro-
ceedings then pending, except that the Supreme Court shall not
require the application of such rule to further proceedings then
pending to the extent that, in the opinion of the court in which
such proceedings are pending, the application of such rule in such
proceedings would not be feasible or would work injustice, in
which event the former rule applies.
(b) Any such rule creating, abolishing, or modifying an evi-
dentiary privilege shall have no force or effect unless approved by
Act of Congress.
(Added Pub. L. 100702, title IV, § 401(a), Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4649,
eff. Dec. 1, 1988.)

HISTORICAL NOTE
The Supreme Court prescribes rules of civil procedure for the
district courts pursuant to section 2072 of Title 28, United States
Code, as enacted by Title IV ``Rules Enabling Act'' of Pub. L.
100702 (approved Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4648), effective December
1, 1988. Pursuant to section 2074 of Title 28, the Supreme Court
transmits to Congress (not later than May 1 of the year in which
a rule prescribed under section 2072 is to become effective) a copy
of the proposed rule. The rule takes effect no earlier than Decem-
ber 1 of the year in which the rule is transmitted unless otherwise
provided by law.
By act of June 19, 1934, ch. 651, 48 Stat. 1064 (subsequently 28
United States Code, § 2072), the Supreme Court was authorized to
prescribe general rules of civil procedure for the district courts.
The rules, and subsequent amendments, were not to take effect
until (1) they had been first reported to Congress by the Attorney
General at the beginning of a regular session and (2) after the
close of that session.
Under a 1949 amendment to 28 U.S.C., § 2072, the Chief Justice of
the United States, instead of the Attorney General, reported the
rules to Congress. In 1950, section 2072 was further amended so
that amendments to the rules could be reported to Congress not
later than May 1 each year and become effective 90 days after
being reported. Effective December 1, 1988, section 2072 was re-
pealed and supplanted by new sections 2072 and 2074, see first para-
graph of Historical Note above.
The original rules, pursuant to act of June 19, 1934, were adopted
by order of the Court on December 20, 1937, transmitted to Con-
gress by the Attorney General on January 3, 1938, and became ef-
fective September 16, 1938 (308 U.S. 645; Cong. Rec., vol. 83, pt. 1,
p. 13, Exec. Comm. 905; H. Doc. 460 and H. Doc. 588, 75th Cong.)
Rule 81(a)(6) was abrogated by order of the Court on December
28, 1939, transmitted to Congress by the Attorney General on Jan-
uary 3, 1940, effective April 3, 1941 (308 U.S. 642; Cong. Rec., vol. 86,
pt. 1, p. 14, Exec. Comm. 1152).
Further amendments were adopted by the Court by order dated
December 27, 1946, transmitted to Congress by the Attorney Gen-
eral on January 3, 1947, and became effective March 19, 1948 (329
U.S. 839; Cong. Rec., vol. 93, pt. 1, p. 41, Exec. Comm. 32; H. Doc.
46 and H. Doc. 473, 80th Cong.). The amendments affected Rules 6,
7, 12, 13, 14, 17, 24, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 36, 41, 45, 52, 54, 56, 58, 59, 60,
62, 65, 66, 68, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 84, and 86, and Forms 17, 20, 22, and
25.Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated December 29, 1948, transmitted to Congress by the Attorney
General on January 3, 1949, and became effective October 20, 1949
(335 U.S. 919; Cong. Rec., vol. 95, pt. 1, p. 94, Exec. Comm. 24; H.

(VII)

VIII HISTORICAL NOTE

Doc. 33, 81st Cong.). The amendments affected Rules 1, 17, 22, 24,
25, 27, 37, 45, 57, 60, 62, 65, 66, 67, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 81, 82, and
86, and Forms 1, 19, 22, 23, and 27.
Amendment to Rule 81(a)(7) and new Rule 71A and Forms 28 and
29 were adopted by the Court by order dated April 30, 1951, trans-
mitted to Congress on May 1, 1951, and became effective August 1,
1951 (341 U.S. 959; Cong. Rec., vol. 97, pt. 4, p. 4666, Exec. Comm.
414; H. Doc. 121, 82d Cong.).
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated April 17, 1961, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice
on April 18, 1961, and became effective July 19, 1961 (368 U.S. 1009;
Cong. Rec., vol. 107, pt. 5, p. 6524, Exec. Comm. 821). The amend-
ments affected Rules 25, 54, 62, and 86, and Forms 2 and 19.
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated January 21, 1963, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Jus-
tice (374 U.S. 861; Cong. Rec., vol. 109, pt. 1, p. 1037, Exec. Comm.
267; H. Doc. 48, 88th Cong.), and became effective July 1, 1963, by
order of the Court dated March 18, 1963 (374 U.S. 861; Cong. Rec.,
vol. 109, pt. 4, p. 4639, Exec. Comm. 569; H. Doc. 48, pt. 2, 88th Cong.;
see also H. Doc. 67, 88th Cong.). The amendments affected Rules 4,
5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 41, 49, 50, 52, 56, 58, 71A, 77, 79,
81, and 86, and Forms 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18, 21, 22A,
and 22B, and added Forms 30, 31, and 32.
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated February 28, 1966, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Jus-
tice on the same day (383 U.S. 1029; Cong. Rec., vol. 112, pt. 4, p.
4229, Exec. Comm. 2094; H. Doc. 391, 89th Cong.), and became effec-
tive July 1, 1966. The amendments affected Rules 1, 4, 8, 9, 12, 13,
14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 53, 59, 65, 68, 73,
74, 75, 81, and 82, and Forms 2 and 15, and added Rules 23.1, 23.2,
44.1, and 65.1, and Supplementary Rules A, B, C, D, E, and F for
certain Admiralty and Maritime claims. The amendments govern
all proceedings in actions brought after they became effective and
also all further proceedings in actions then pending, except to the
extent that in the opinion of the Court an application in a par-
ticular action then pending would not be feasible or would work
injustice, in which event the former procedure applies.
In addition, Rule 6(c) of the Rules of Civil Procedure promul-
gated by the Court on December 20, 1937, effective September 16,
1938; Rule 2 of the Rules for Practice and Procedure under section
25 of an act to amend and consolidate the acts respecting copy-
right, approved March 4, 1909, promulgated by the Court on June
1, 1909, effective July 1, 1909; and the Rules of Practice in Admi-
ralty and Maritime Cases, promulgated by the Court on December
6, 1920, effective March 7, 1921, as revised, amended and supple-
mented, were rescinded, effective July 1, 1966.
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated December 4, 1967, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Jus-
tice on January 15, 1968 (389 U.S. 1121; Cong. Rec., vol. 114, pt. 1,
p. 113, Exec. Comm. 1361; H. Doc. 204, 90th Cong.), and became ef-
fective July 1, 1968. The amendments affected Rules 6(b), 9(h),
41(a)(1), 77(d), 81(a), and abrogated the chapter heading ``IX. Ap-
peals'' and Rules 7276, and Form 27.
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated March 30, 1970, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice

HISTORICAL NOTE IX

on the same day (398 U.S. 977; Cong. Rec., vol. 116, pt. 7, p. 9861,
Exec. Comm. 1839; H. Doc. 91291), and became effective July 1,
1970. The amendments affected Rules 5(a), 9(h), 26, 29 to 37, 45(d),
and 69(a), and Form 24.
On March 1, 1971, the Court adopted additional amendments,
which were transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice on the
same day (401 U.S. 1017; Cong. Rec., vol. 117, pt. 4, p. 4629, Exec.
Comm. 341; H. Doc. 9257), and became effective July 1, 1971. The
amendments affected Rules 6(a), 27(a)(4), 30(b)(6), 77(c), and
81(a)(2).
Further amendments were proposed by the Court in its orders
dated November 20 and December 18, 1972, and transmitted to Con-
gress by the Chief Justice on February 5, 1973 (409 U.S. 1132 and 419
U.S. 1133; Cong. Rec., vol. 119, pt. 3, p. 3247, Exec. Comm. 359; H.
Doc. 9346). Although these amendments were to have become ef-
fective July 1, 1973, Public Law 9312 (approved March 30, 1973, 87
Stat. 9) provided that the proposed amendments ``shall have no
force or effect except to the extent, and with such amendments,
as they may be expressly approved by Act of Congress.'' Section
3 of Public Law 93595 (approved January 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1949) ap-
proved the amendments proposed by the Court, to be effective
July 1, 1975. The amendments affected Rules 30(c), 43, and 44.1, and
abrogated Rule 32(c).
On April 29, 1980, the Court adopted additional amendments,
which were transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice on the
same day (446 U.S. 995; Cong. Rec., vol. 126, pt. 8, p. 9535, Exec.
Comm. 4260; H. Doc. 96306), and became effective August 1, 1980.
The amendments affected Rules 4, 5, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 37, and 45.
Section 205(a) and (b) of Public Law 96481 (approved October 21,
1980, 94 Stat. 2330) repealed Rule 37(f) and deleted the correspond-
ing item from the Table of Contents, to be effective October 1,
1981.
Amendments to Rule 4 were adopted by the Court by order dated
April 28, 1982, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice on the
same day (456 U.S. 1013; Cong. Rec., vol. 128, pt. 6, p. 8191, Exec.
Comm. 3822; H. Doc. 97173), and became effective August 1, 1982.
However, Public Law 97227 (approved August 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 246)
provided that the amendments to Rule 4 shall take effect on Octo-
ber 1, 1983, unless previously approved, disapproved, or modified by
Act of Congress, and further provided that this Act shall be effec-
tive as of August 1, 1982, but shall not apply to the service of proc-
ess that takes place between August 1, 1982, and the date of enact-
ment of this Act [August 2, 1982]. Section 5 of Public Law 97462
(approved January 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2530) provided that the amend-
ments to Rule 4 the effective date of which was delayed by Public
Law 97227 shall not take effect. Sections 2 to 4 of Public Law
97462 amended Rule 4(a), (c) to (e), and (g), added Rule 4(j), and
added Form 18A in the Appendix of Forms, effective 45 days after
enactment of Public Law 97462 [February 26, 1983].
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated April 28, 1983, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice
on the same day (461 U.S. 1095; Cong. Rec., vol. 129, pt. 8, p. 10479,
Exec. Comm. 1027; H. Doc. 9854), and became effective August 1,
1983. The amendments included new Rules 26(g), 53(f), 72 through

X HISTORICAL NOTE

76 and new Official Forms 33 and 34, and amendments to Rules
6(b), 7(b), 11, 16, 26(a), (b), 52(a), 53(a), (b), (c), and 67.
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated April 29, 1985, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice
on the same day (471 U.S. 1153; Cong. Rec., vol. 131, pt. 7, p. 9826,
Exec. Comm. 1156; H. Doc. 9963), and became effective August 1,
1985. The amendments affected Rules 6(a), 45(d)(2), 52(a), 71A(h),
and 83, Official Form 18A, and Rules B(1), C(3), and E(4)(f) of the
Supplemental Rules for Certain Admiralty and Maritime Claims.
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated March 2, 1987, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice
on the same day (480 U.S. 953; Cong. Rec., vol. 133, pt. 4, p. 4484,
Exec. Comm. 714; H. Doc. 10040), and became effective August 1,
1987. The amendments affected Rules 4(b), (d)(1), (e), (i)(1), 5(b), (e),
6(e), 8(a), (b), (e)(2), 9(a), 11, 12(a), (b), (e) to (g), 13(a), (e), (f), 14,
15, 16(f), 17, 18, 19(a), (b), 20(b), 22(1), 23(c)(2), 23.1, 24(a), 25(b), (d),
26(b)(3), (e)(1), (2), (f)(5), (g), 27(a)(1), (b), 28(b), 30(b)(1), (2), (4), (6),
(7), (c), (e), (f)(1), (g), 31(a), (b), 32(a)(4), 34(a), 35(a), (b)(1), (2), 36,
37(a)(2), (b)(2), (c), (d), (g), 38(c), (d), 41(a)(2), (b), 43(f), 44(a)(1), 44.1,
45(c), (f), 46, 49(a), 50(b), (d), 51, 53(a), (c) to (e)(1), (3), (5), 54(c),
55(a), (b), (e), 56(a), (b), (e) to (g), 60(b), 62(f), 63, 65(b), 65.1, 68, 69,
71, 71A(d)(2), (3)(ii), (e) to (g), (j), 73(b), 75(b)(2), (c)(1), (2), (4), 77(c),
78, and 81(c), and Rules B, C(3), (6), E(2)(b), (4)(b), (c), (5)(c), (9)(b),
(c), and F(1) to (6) of the Supplemental Rules for Certain Admi-
ralty and Maritime Claims.
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated April 25, 1988, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice
on the same day (485 U.S. 1043; Cong. Rec., vol. 134, pt. 7, p. 9154,
Exec. Comm. 3515; H. Doc. 100185), and became effective August 1,
1988. The amendments affected Rules 17(a) and 71A(e).
Section 7047(b) of Public Law 100690 (approved November 18,
1988, 102 Stat. 4401) amended Rule 35. Section 7049 of Public Law
100690, which directed amendment of Rule 17(a) by striking ``with
him'', and section 7050 of Public Law 100690, which directed
amendment of Rule 71A(e) by striking ``taking of the defendants
property'' and inserting ``taking of the defendant's property'',
could not be executed because of the intervening amendments to
those Rules by the Court by order dated April 25, 1988, effective
August 1, 1988.
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated April 30, 1991, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice
on the same day (500 U.S. 963; Cong. Rec., vol. 137, pt. 7, p. 9721,
Ex. Comm. 1190; H. Doc. 10277), and became effective December 1,
1991. The amendments affected Rules 5, 15, 24, 34, 35, 41, 44, 45, 47,
48, 50, 52, 53, 63, 72, and 77, the headings for chapters VIII and IX,
and Rules C and E of the Supplemental Rules for Certain Admi-
ralty and Maritime Claims, added new Official Forms 1A and 1B,
and abrogated Form 18A.
Section 11 of Pub. L. 102198 (approved December 9, 1991, 105
Stat. 1626) amended Rule 15(c)(3) as transmitted to Congress by
the Supreme Court to become effective on December 1, 1991; pro-
vided that Forms 1A and 1B included in the transmittal shall not
be effective; and provided that Form 18A, abrogated by the
Supreme Court in the transmittal, effective December 1, 1991,
shall continue in effect on or after that date.

HISTORICAL NOTE XI

Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated April 22, 1993, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice
on the same day (507 U.S. 1089; Cong. Rec., vol. 139, pt. 6, p. 8127,
Exec. Comm. 1102; H. Doc. 10374), and became effective December
1, 1993. The amendments affected Rules 1, 4, 5, 11, 12, 15, 16, 26, 28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 50, 52, 53, 54, 58, 71A, 72, 73, 74, 75, and
76, added new Rule 4.1, affected Forms 2, 33, 34, and 34A, added new
Forms 1A, 1B, and 35, and abrogated Form 18A.
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated April 27, 1995, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice
on the same day (514 U.S. 1151; Cong. Rec., vol. 141, pt. 8, p. 11745,
Ex. Comm. 804; H. Doc. 10464), and became effective December 1,
1995. The amendments affected Rules 50, 52, 59, and 83.
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated April 23, 1996, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice
on the same day (517 U.S. 1279; Cong. Rec., vol. 142, pt. 6, p. 8831,
Ex. Comm. 2487; H. Doc. 104201), and became effective December
1, 1996. The amendments affected Rules 5 and 43.
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated April 11, 1997, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice
on the same day (520 U.S. 1305; Cong. Rec., vol. 143, p. H1540, Daily
Issue, Ex. Comm. 2795; H. Doc. 10567), and became effective De-
cember 1, 1997. The amendments affected Rules 9 and 73, abrogated
Rules 74, 75, and 76, and affected Forms 33 and 34.
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated April 24, 1998, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice
on the same day (523 U.S. 1221; H. Doc. 105266), and became effec-
tive December 1, 1998. The amendments affected Rule 23.
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated April 26, 1999, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice
on the same day (526 U.S. 1183; Cong. Rec., vol. 145, p. H2543, Daily
Issue, Ex. Comm. 1787; H. Doc. 10654), and became effective De-
cember 1, 1999. The amendments affected Rule 6 and Form 2.
Additional amendments were adopted by the Court by order
dated April 17, 2000, transmitted to Congress by the Chief Justice
on the same day (529 U.S. --; Cong. Rec., vol. 146, p. H2405, Daily
Issue, Ex. Comm. 7336; H. Doc. 106228), and became effective De-
cember 1, 2000. The amendments affected Rules 4, 5, 12, 14, 26, 30,
and 37 and Rules B, C, and E of the Supplemental Rules for Cer-
tain Admiralty and Maritime Claims.
Committee Notes

Committee Notes prepared by the Committee on Rules of Prac-
tice and Procedure and the Advisory Committee on the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure, Judicial Conference of the United
States, explaining the purpose and intent of the amendments are
set out in the Appendix to Title 28, United States Code, following
the particular rule to which they relate. In addition, the rules and
amendments, together with Committee Notes, are set out in the
House documents listed above.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Foreword .............................................................................................................. III
Authority for promulgation of rules .................................................................... V
Historical note ..................................................................................................... VII

RULES

I. Scope of Rules-One Form of Action:
Rule 1. Scope and Purpose of Rules ............................................................... 1
Rule 2. One Form of Action ........................................................................... 1
II. Commencement of Action; Service of Process, Pleadings, Motions, and
Orders:
Rule 3. Commencement of Action .................................................................. 1
Rule 4. Summons:
(a) Form ................................................................................................... 1
(b) Issuance .............................................................................................. 1
(c) Service with Complaint; by Whom Made ............................................ 1
(d) Waiver of Service; Duty to Save Costs of Service; Request to Waive 2
(e) Service Upon Individuals Within a Judicial District of the United
States ................................................................................................... 3
(f) Service Upon Individuals in a Foreign Country .................................. 3
(g) Service Upon Infants and Incompetent Persons ................................. 4
(h) Service Upon Corporations and Associations ..................................... 4
(i) Serving the United States, Its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or
Employees ............................................................................................ 4
(j) Service Upon Foreign, State, or Local Governments .......................... 5
(k) Territorial Limits of Effective Service .............................................. 5
(l) Proof of Service ................................................................................... 5
(m) Time Limit for Service ..................................................................... 6
(n) Seizure of Property; Service of Summons Not Feasible ..................... 6
Rule 4.1. Service of Other Process:
(a) Generally ............................................................................................ 6
(b) Enforcement of Orders: Commitment for Civil Contempt .................. 6
Rule 5. Serving and Filing Pleadings and Other Papers:
(a) Service: When Required ...................................................................... 6
(b) Same: How Made ................................................................................ 7
(c) Same: Numerous Defendants .............................................................. 7
(d) Filing; Certificate of Service .............................................................. 7
(e) Filing with the Court Defined ............................................................ 7
Rule 6. Time:
(a) Computation ....................................................................................... 8
(b) Enlargement ....................................................................................... 8
(c) Unaffected by Expiration of Term (Rescinded).
(d) For Motions-Affidavits ..................................................................... 8
(e) Additional Time After Service by Mail .............................................. 9
III. Pleadings and Motions:
Rule 7. Pleadings Allowed; Form of Motions:
(a) Pleadings ............................................................................................ 9
(b) Motions and Other Papers .................................................................. 9
(c) Demurrers, Pleas, Etc., Abolished ...................................................... 9
Rule 8. General Rules of Pleading:
(a) Claims for Relief ................................................................................ 9
(b) Defenses; Form of Denials .................................................................. 10
(c) Affirmative Defenses .......................................................................... 10
(d) Effect of Failure To Deny ................................................................... 10
(e) Pleading To Be Concise and Direct; Consistency ............................... 10
(f) Construction of Pleadings ................................................................... 10

(XIII)

XIV CONTENTS

III. Pleadings and Motions-Continued
Rule 9. Pleading Special Matters: Page
(a) Capacity ............................................................................................. 11
(b) Fraud, Mistake, Condition of the Mind .............................................. 11
(c) Conditions Precedent ......................................................................... 11
(d) Official Document or Act ................................................................... 11
(e) Judgment ............................................................................................ 11
(f) Time and Place ................................................................................... 11
(g) Special Damage .................................................................................. 11
(h) Admiralty and Maritime Claims ........................................................ 11
Rule 10. Form of Pleadings:
(a) Caption; Names of Parties .................................................................. 11
(b) Paragraphs; Separate Statements ...................................................... 12
(c) Adoption by Reference; Exhibits ........................................................ 12
Rule 11. Signing of Pleadings, Motions, and Other Papers; Representations
to Court; Sanctions:
(a) Signature ............................................................................................ 12
(b) Representations to Court ................................................................... 12
(c) Sanctions:
(1) How Initiated:
(A) By Motion .............................................................................. 13
(B) On Court's Initiative .............................................................. 13
(2) Nature of Sanction; Limitations .................................................. 13
(3) Order ............................................................................................. 13
(d) Inapplicability to Discovery ............................................................... 13
Rule 12. Defenses and Objections-When and How Presented-By Pleading
or Motion-Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings:
(a) When Presented .................................................................................. 13
(b) How Presented .................................................................................... 14
(c) Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings .............................................. 15
(d) Preliminary Hearings ......................................................................... 15
(e) Motion for More Definite Statement .................................................. 15
(f) Motion To Strike ................................................................................ 15
(g) Consolidation of Defenses in Motion .................................................. 15
(h) Waiver or Preservation of Certain Defenses ....................................... 15
Rule 13. Counterclaim and Cross-Claim:
(a) Compulsory Counterclaims ................................................................ 16
(b) Permissive Counterclaims .................................................................. 16
(c) Counterclaim Exceeding Opposing Claim ........................................... 16
(d) Counterclaim Against the United States ........................................... 16
(e) Counterclaim Maturing or Acquired After Pleading .......................... 16
(f) Omitted Counterclaim ........................................................................ 16
(g) Cross-Claim Against Co-Party ........................................................... 16
(h) Joinder of Additional Parties ............................................................. 16
(i) Separate Trials; Separate Judgments ................................................. 17
Rule 14. Third-Party Practice:
(a) When Defendant May Bring in Third Party ....................................... 17
(b) When Plaintiff May Bring in Third Party .......................................... 17
(c) Admiralty and Maritime Claims ........................................................ 18
Rule 15. Amended and Supplemental Pleadings:
(a) Amendments ....................................................................................... 18
(b) Amendments To Conform to the Evidence ......................................... 18
(c) Relation Back of Amendments ........................................................... 18
(d) Supplemental Pleadings ..................................................................... 19
Rule 16. Pretrial Conferences; Scheduling; Management:
(a) Pretrial Conferences; Objectives ........................................................ 19
(b) Scheduling and Planning .................................................................... 19
(c) Subjects for Consideration at Pretrial Conferences ........................... 20
(d) Final Pretrial Conference ................................................................... 21
(e) Pretrial Orders ................................................................................... 21
(f) Sanctions ............................................................................................ 21
IV. Parties:
Rule 17. Parties Plaintiff and Defendant; Capacity:
(a) Real Party in Interest ........................................................................ 21
(b) Capacity To Sue or Be Sued ............................................................... 22
(c) Infants or Incompetent Persons ......................................................... 22
Rule 18. Joinder of Claims and Remedies:
(a) Joinder of Claims ............................................................................... 22
(b) Joinder of Remedies; Fraudulent Conveyances .................................. 22

CONTENTS XV

IV. Parties-Continued
Rule 19. Joinder of Persons Needed for Just Adjudication: Page
(a) Persons To Be Joined if Feasible ........................................................ 22
(b) Determination by Court Whenever Joinder Not Feasible .................. 23
(c) Pleading Reasons for Nonjoinder ........................................................ 23
(d) Exception of Class Actions ................................................................. 23
Rule 20. Permissive Joinder of Parties:
(a) Permissive Joinder ............................................................................. 23
(b) Separate Trials ................................................................................... 24
Rule 21. Misjoinder and Non-Joinder of Parties ............................................ 24
Rule 22. Interpleader ...................................................................................... 24
Rule 23. Class Actions:
(a) Prerequisites to a Class Action .......................................................... 24
(b) Class Actions Maintainable ................................................................ 24
(c) Determination by Order Whether Class Action To Be Maintained;
Notice; Judgment; Actions Conducted Partially as Class Actions ....... 25
(d) Orders in Conduct of Actions .............................................................. 26
(e) Dismissal or Compromise ................................................................... 26
(f) Appeals ................................................................................................ 26
Rule 23.1. Derivative Actions by Shareholders .............................................. 26
Rule 23.2. Actions Relating to Unincorporated Associations ......................... 27
Rule 24. Intervention:
(a) Intervention of Right ......................................................................... 27
(b) Permissive Intervention ..................................................................... 27
(c) Procedure ........................................................................................... 27
Rule 25. Substitution of Parties:
(a) Death .................................................................................................. 28
(b) Incompetency ..................................................................................... 28
(c) Transfer of Interest ............................................................................ 28
(d) Public Officers; Death or Separation From Office .............................. 28
V. Depositions and Discovery:
Rule 26. General Provisions Governing Discovery; Duty of Disclosure:
(a) Required Disclosures; Methods to Discover Additional Matter:
(1) Initial Disclosures ........................................................................ 29
(2) Disclosure of Expert Testimony ................................................... 30
(3) Pretrial Disclosures ...................................................................... 30
(4) Form of Disclosures ...................................................................... 31
(5) Methods to Discover Additional Matter ....................................... 31
(b) Discovery Scope and Limits:
(1) In General ..................................................................................... 31
(2) Limitations ................................................................................... 31
(3) Trial Preparation: Materials ........................................................ 32
(4) Trial Preparation: Experts ........................................................... 32
(5) Claims of Privilege or Protection of Trial Preparation Materials 33
(c) Protective Orders ............................................................................... 33
(d) Timing and Sequence of Discovery ..................................................... 33
(e) Supplementation of Disclosures and Responses ................................. 34
(f) Conference of Parties; Planning for Discovery ................................... 34
(g) Signing of Disclosures, Discovery Requests, Responses, and Objec-
tions ...................................................................................................... 35
Rule 27. Depositions Before Action or Pending Appeal:
(a) Before Action:
(1) Petition ........................................................................................ 36
(2) Notice and Service ........................................................................ 36
(3) Order and Examination ................................................................. 36
(4) Use of Deposition .......................................................................... 37
(b) Pending Appeal ................................................................................... 37
(c) Perpetuation by Action ...................................................................... 37
Rule 28. Persons Before Whom Depositions May Be Taken:
(a) Within the United States ................................................................... 37
(b) In Foreign Countries .......................................................................... 37
(c) Disqualification for Interest ............................................................... 38
Rule 29. Stipulations Regarding Discovery Procedure .................................. 38
Rule 30. Depositions Upon Oral Examination:
(a) When Depositions May Be Taken; When Leave Required ................... 38
(b) Notice of Examination: General Requirements; Method of Record-
ing; Production of Documents and Things; Deposition of Organiza-
tion; Deposition by Telephone .............................................................. 39

XVI CONTENTS

V. Depositions and Discovery-Continued
Rule 30. Depositions Upon Oral Examination-Continued Page
(c) Examination and Cross-Examination; Record of Examination; Oath;
Objections ............................................................................................. 40
(d) Schedule and Duration; Motion to Terminate or Limit Examination 40
(e) Review by Witness; Changes; Signing ................................................. 41
(f) Certification and Delivery by Officer; Exhibits; Copies ...................... 41
(g) Failure To Attend or To Serve Subpoena; Expenses .......................... 42
Rule 31. Depositions Upon Written Questions:
(a) Serving Questions; Notice .................................................................. 42
(b) Officer To Take Responses and Prepare Record ................................. 43
(c) Notice of Filing .................................................................................. 43
Rule 32. Use of Depositions in Court Proceedings:
(a) Use of Depositions .............................................................................. 43
(b) Objections to Admissibility ................................................................ 44
(c) Form of Presentation ......................................................................... 44
(d) Effect of Errors and Irregularities in Depositions:
(1) As to Notice .................................................................................. 44
(2) As to Disqualification of Officer ................................................... 45
(3) As to Taking of Deposition ........................................................... 45
(4) As to Completion and Return of Deposition ................................. 45
Rule 33. Interrogatories to Parties:
(a) Availability ........................................................................................ 45
(b) Answers and Objections ...................................................................... 45
(c) Scope; Use at Trial ............................................................................. 46
(d) Option to Produce Business Records .................................................. 46
Rule 34. Production of Documents and Things and Entry Upon Land for
Inspection and Other Purposes:
(a) Scope .................................................................................................. 46
(b) Procedure ........................................................................................... 47
(c) Persons Not Parties ............................................................................ 47
Rule 35. Physical and Mental Examinations of Persons:
(a) Order for Examination ....................................................................... 47
(b) Report of Examiner ............................................................................ 47
Rule 36. Requests for Admission:
(a) Request for Admission ........................................................................ 48
(b) Effect of Admission ............................................................................ 49
Rule 37. Failure to Make Disclosure or Cooperate in Discovery; Sanctions:
(a) Motion For Order Compelling Disclosure or Discovery:
(1) Appropriate Court ......................................................................... 49
(2) Motion .......................................................................................... 49
(3) Evasive or Incomplete Disclosure, Answer, or Response .............. 50
(4) Expenses and Sanctions ................................................................ 50
(b) Failure To Comply With Order:
(1) Sanctions by Court in District Where Deposition Is Taken ......... 50
(2) Sanctions by Court in Which Action Is Pending ........................... 51
(c) Failure to Disclose; False or Misleading Disclosure; Refusal to
Admit .................................................................................................... 51
(d) Failure of Party to Attend at Own Deposition or Serve Answers to
Interrogatories or Respond to Request for Inspection .......................... 52
(e) Subpoena of Person in Foreign Country (Abrogated).
(f) Expenses Against United States (Repealed).
(g) Failure to Participate in the Framing of a Discovery Plan ............... 52
VI. Trials:
Rule 38. Jury Trial of Right:
(a) Right Preserved .................................................................................. 53
(b) Demand .............................................................................................. 53
(c) Same: Specification of Issues ............................................................. 53
(d) Waiver ................................................................................................ 53
(e) Admiralty and Maritime Claims ........................................................ 53
Rule 39. Trial by Jury or by the Court:
(a) By Jury ............................................................................................... 53
(b) By the Court ....................................................................................... 53
(c) Advisory Jury and Trial by Consent .................................................. 53
Rule 40. Assignment of Cases for Trial .......................................................... 54

CONTENTS XVII

VI. Trials-Continued
Rule 41. Dismissal of Actions:
(a) Voluntary Dismissal: Effect Thereof: Page
(1) By Plaintiff; by Stipulation .......................................................... 54
(2) By Order of Court ......................................................................... 54
(b) Involuntary Dismissal: Effect Thereof ............................................... 54
(c) Dismissal of Counterclaim, Cross-Claim, or Third-Party Claim ........ 54
(d) Costs of Previously-Dismissed Action ................................................ 55
Rule 42. Consolidation; Separate Trials:
(a) Consolidation ..................................................................................... 55
(b) Separate Trials ................................................................................... 55
Rule 43. Taking of Testimony:
(a) Form ................................................................................................... 55
(b) Scope of Examination and Cross-Examination (Abrogated).
(c) Record of Excluded Evidence (Abrogated).
(d) Affirmation in Lieu of Oath ............................................................... 55
(e) Evidence on Motions ........................................................................... 55
(f) Interpreters ......................................................................................... 55
Rule 44. Proof of Official Record:
(a) Authentication:
(1) Domestic ....................................................................................... 56
(2) Foreign ......................................................................................... 56
(b) Lack of Record ................................................................................... 56
(c) Other Proof ......................................................................................... 56
Rule 44.1. Determination of Foreign Law ...................................................... 57
Rule 45. Subpoena:
(a) Form; Issuance ................................................................................... 57
(b) Service ................................................................................................ 57
(c) Protection of Persons Subject to Subpoenas ...................................... 58
(d) Duties in Responding to Subpoena ..................................................... 59
(e) Contempt ............................................................................................ 59
Rule 46. Exceptions Unnecessary ................................................................... 60
Rule 47. Selection of Jurors:
(a) Examination of Jurors ....................................................................... 60
(b) Peremptory Challenges ...................................................................... 60
(c) Excuse ................................................................................................ 60
Rule 48. Number of Jurors-Participation in Verdict .................................... 60
Rule 49. Special Verdicts and Interrogatories:
(a) Special Verdicts ................................................................................. 60
(b) General Verdict Accompanied by Answer to Interrogatories ............. 61
Rule 50. Judgment as a Matter of Law in Jury Trials; Alternative Motion
for New Trial; Conditional Rulings:
(a) Judgment as a Matter of Law ............................................................. 61
(b) Renewing Motion for Judgment After Trial; Alternative Motion for
New Trial .............................................................................................. 61
(c) Granting Renewed Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law; Condi-
tional Rulings; New Trial Motion ......................................................... 62
(d) Same: Denial of Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law ................ 62
Rule 51. Instructions to Jury: Objection ........................................................ 62
Rule 52. Findings by the Court; Judgment on Partial Findings:
(a) Effect .................................................................................................. 62
(b) Amendment ........................................................................................ 63
(c) Judgment on Partial Findings ........................................................... 63
Rule 53. Masters:
(a) Appointment and Compensation ........................................................ 63
(b) Reference ............................................................................................ 64
(c) Powers ................................................................................................ 64
(d) Proceedings:
(1) Meetings ....................................................................................... 64
(2) Witnesses ...................................................................................... 64
(3) Statement of Accounts ................................................................. 64
(e) Report:
(1) Contents and Filing ...................................................................... 65
(2) In Non-Jury Actions ..................................................................... 65
(3) In Jury Actions ............................................................................. 65
(4) Stipulation as to Findings ............................................................ 65
(5) Draft Report ................................................................................. 65
(f) Application to Magistrate Judge ........................................................ 65

XVIII CONTENTS

VII. Judgment:
Rule 54. Judgments; Costs: Page
(a) Definition; Form ................................................................................ 66
(b) Judgment Upon Multiple Claims or Involving Multiple Parties ........ 66
(c) Demand for Judgment ........................................................................ 66
(d) Costs; Attorneys' Fees:
(1) Costs Other than Attorneys' Fees ................................................. 66
(2) Attorneys' Fees ............................................................................ 66
Rule 55. Default:
(a) Entry .................................................................................................. 67
(b) Judgment:
(1) By the Clerk ................................................................................. 67
(2) By the Court ................................................................................. 67
(c) Setting Aside Default ......................................................................... 67
(d) Plaintiffs, Counterclaimants, Cross-Claimants .................................. 68
(e) Judgment Against the United States ................................................. 68
Rule 56. Summary Judgment:
(a) For Claimant ...................................................................................... 68
(b) For Defending Party ........................................................................... 68
(c) Motion and Proceedings Thereon ....................................................... 68
(d) Case Not Fully Adjudicated on Motion .............................................. 68
(e) Form of Affidavits; Further Testimony; Defense Required ................ 68
(f) When Affidavits Are Unavailable ........................................................ 69
(g) Affidavits Made in Bad Faith ............................................................. 69
Rule 57. Declaratory Judgments .................................................................... 69
Rule 58. Entry of Judgment ........................................................................... 69
Rule 59. New Trials; Amendment of Judgments:
(a) Grounds .............................................................................................. 70
(b) Time for Motion ................................................................................. 70
(c) Time for Serving Affidavits ................................................................ 70
(d) On Court's Initiative; Notice; Specifying Grounds ............................. 70
(e) Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment ................................................. 70
Rule 60. Relief From Judgment or Order:
(a) Clerical Mistakes ............................................................................... 70
(b) Mistakes; Inadvertence; Excusable Neglect; Newly Discovered Evi-
dence; Fraud, Etc .................................................................................. 71
Rule 61. Harmless Error ................................................................................. 71
Rule 62. Stay of Proceedings To Enforce a Judgment:
(a) Automatic Stay; Exceptions-Injunctions, Receiverships, and Pat-
ent Accountings .................................................................................... 71
(b) Stay on Motion for New Trial or for Judgment .................................. 72
(c) Injunction Pending Appeal ................................................................. 72
(d) Stay Upon Appeal ............................................................................... 72
(e) Stay in Favor of the United States or Agency Thereof ...................... 72
(f) Stay According to State Law .............................................................. 72
(g) Power of Appellate Court Not Limited ............................................... 72
(h) Stay of Judgment as to Multiple Claims or Multiple Parties ............ 72
Rule 63. Inability of a Judge to Proceed ........................................................ 73
VIII. Provisional and Final Remedies:
Rule 64. Seizure of Person or Property .......................................................... 73
Rule 65. Injunctions:
(a) Preliminary Injunction:
(1) Notice ........................................................................................... 73
(2) Consolidation of Hearing With Trial on Merits ............................ 73
(b) Temporary Restraining Order; Notice; Hearing; Duration ................. 73
(c) Security .............................................................................................. 74
(d) Form and Scope of Injunction or Restraining Order .......................... 74
(e) Employer and Employee; Interpleader; Constitutional Cases ............ 74
Rule 65.1. Security: Proceedings Against Sureties ........................................ 75
Rule 66. Receivers Appointed by Federal Courts ........................................... 75
Rule 67. Deposit in Court ............................................................................... 75
Rule 68. Offer of Judgment ............................................................................ 76
Rule 69. Execution:
(a) In General ........................................................................................... 76
(b) Against Certain Public Officers .......................................................... 76
Rule 70. Judgment for Specific Acts; Vesting Title ....................................... 77
Rule 71. Process in Behalf of and Against Persons Not Parties ..................... 77

CONTENTS XIX

IX. Special Proceedings:
Rule 71A. Condemnation of Property: Page
(a) Applicability of Other Rules .............................................................. 77
(b) Joinder of Properties .......................................................................... 77
(c) Complaint:
(1) Caption ......................................................................................... 77
(2) Contents ........................................................................................ 77
(3) Filing ............................................................................................ 78
(d) Process:
(1) Notice; Delivery ............................................................................ 78
(2) Same; Form .................................................................................. 78
(3) Service of Notice ........................................................................... 78
(4) Return; Amendment ..................................................................... 79
(e) Appearance or Answer ........................................................................ 79
(f) Amendment of Pleadings .................................................................... 79
(g) Substitution of Parties ....................................................................... 79
(h) Trial ................................................................................................... 80
(i) Dismissal of Action:
(1) As of Right .................................................................................... 80
(2) By Stipulation .............................................................................. 80
(3) By Order of the Court ................................................................... 81
(4) Effect ............................................................................................ 81
(j) Deposit and Its Distribution ............................................................... 81
(k) Condemnation Under a State's Power of Eminent Domain ............... 81
(l) Costs .................................................................................................... 81
Rule 72. Magistrate Judges; Pretrial Orders:
(a) Nondispositive Matters ...................................................................... 81
(b) Dispositive Motions and Prisoner Petitions ....................................... 81
Rule 73. Magistrate Judges; Trial by Consent and Appeal:
(a) Powers; Procedure .............................................................................. 82
(b) Consent ............................................................................................... 82
(c) Appeal ................................................................................................. 83
(d) Optional Appeal Route (Abrogated).
Rule 74. Method of Appeal From Magistrate Judge to District Judge Under
Title 28, U.S.C. § 636(c)(4) and Rule 73(d) (Abrogated).
Rule 75. Proceedings on Appeal From Magistrate Judge to District Judge
Under Rule 73(d) (Abrogated).
Rule 76. Judgment of the District Judge on the Appeal Under Rule 73(d) and
Costs (Abrogated).
X. District Courts and Clerks:
Rule 77. District Courts and Clerks:
(a) District Courts Always Open .............................................................. 83
(b) Trials and Hearings; Orders in Chambers ........................................... 83
(c) Clerk's Office and Orders by Clerk ..................................................... 83
(d) Notice of Orders or Judgments ........................................................... 83
Rule 78. Motion Day ...................................................................................... 84
Rule 79. Books and Records Kept by the Clerk and Entries Therein:
(a) Civil Docket ....................................................................................... 84
(b) Civil Judgments and Orders ............................................................... 84
(c) Indices; Calendars ............................................................................... 84
(d) Other Books and Records of the Clerk ............................................... 85
Rule 80. Stenographer; Stenographic Report or Transcript as Evidence:
(a) Stenographer (Abrogated).
(b) Official Stenographer (Abrogated).
(c) Stenographic Report or Transcript as Evidence ................................. 85
XI. General Provisions:
Rule 81. Applicability in General:
(a) To What Proceedings Applicable ........................................................ 85
(b) Scire Facias and Mandamus ............................................................... 86
(c) Removed Actions ................................................................................ 86
(d) District of Columbia; Courts and Judges (Abrogated).
(e) Law Applicable ................................................................................... 87
(f) References to Officer of the United States .......................................... 87
Rule 82. Jurisdiction and Venue Unaffected .................................................. 87
Rule 83. Rules by District Courts; Judge's Directives:
(a) Local Rules ......................................................................................... 87
(b) Procedures When There is No Controlling Law .................................. 88
Rule 84. Forms ............................................................................................... 88
Rule 85. Title ................................................................................................. 88

XX CONTENTS

XI. General Provisions-Continued
Rule 86. Effective Date: Page
(a) [Effective Date of Original Rules] ...................................................... 88
(b) Effective Date of Amendments ........................................................... 88
(c) Effective Date of Amendments ........................................................... 89
(d) Effective Date of Amendments ........................................................... 89
(e) Effective Date of Amendments ........................................................... 89
Appendix of Forms:
Form
1. Summons .................................................................................................. 91
1A. Notice of Lawsuit and Request for Waiver of Service of Summons ....... 92
1B. Waiver of Service of Summons ............................................................... 93
2. Allegation of Jurisdiction ........................................................................ 94
3. Complaint on a Promissory Note .............................................................. 95
4. Complaint on an Account ......................................................................... 95
5. Complaint for Goods Sold and Delivered .................................................. 95
6. Complaint for Money Lent ....................................................................... 95
7. Complaint for Money Paid by Mistake ..................................................... 96
8. Complaint for Money Had and Received ................................................... 96
9. Complaint for Negligence ......................................................................... 96
10. Complaint for Negligence Where Plaintiff is Unable To Determine
Definitely Whether the Person Responsible is C. D. or E. F. or
Whether Both are Responsible and Where His Evidence May Justify
a Finding of Wilfulness or of Recklessness or of Negligence ............ 96
11. Complaint for Conversion ......................................................................... 97
12. Complaint for Specific Performance of Contract To Convey Land ........... 97
13. Complaint on Claim for Debt and To Set Aside Fraudulent Conveyance
Under Rule 18(b) ................................................................................ 97
14. Complaint for Negligence Under Federal Employer's Liability Act ......... 98
15. Complaint for Damages Under Merchant Marine Act .............................. 98
16. Complaint for Infringement of Patent ...................................................... 99
17. Complaint for Infringement of Copyright and Unfair Competition .......... 99
18. Complaint for Interpleader and Declaratory Relief .................................. 101
18A. Notice and Acknowledgment for Service by Mail (Abrogated).
19. Motion to Dismiss, Presenting Defenses of Failure To State a Claim, of
Lack of Service of Process, of Improper Venue, and of Lack of
Jurisdiction Under Rule 12(b) ........................................................... 101
20. Answer Presenting Defenses Under Rule 12(b) .......................................... 102
21. Answer to Complaint Set Forth in Form 8, With Counterclaim for
Interpleader ...................................................................................... 103
22. Motion To Bring in Third-Party Defendant (Eliminated).
22A. Summons and Complaint Against Third-Party Defendant ................... 104
22B. Motion To Bring in Third-Party Defendant .......................................... 105
23. Motion To Intervene as a Defendant Under Rule 24 ................................. 106
24. Request for Production of Documents, etc., Under Rule 34 ...................... 107
25. Request for Admission Under Rule 36 ....................................................... 107
26. Allegation of Reason for Omitting Party ................................................. 107
27. Notice of Appeal to Court of Appeals Under Rule 73(b) (Abrogated).
28. Notice: Condemnation .............................................................................. 108
29. Complaint: Condemnation ........................................................................ 109
30. Suggestion of Death Upon the Record Under Rule 25(a)(1) ....................... 110
31. Judgment on Jury Verdict ....................................................................... 110
32. Judgment on Decision by the Court ......................................................... 111
33. Notice of Availability of Magistrate Judge to Exercise Jurisdiction ....... 112
34. Consent to Exercise of Jurisdiction by a United States Magistrate
Judge ................................................................................................ 112
34A. Order of Reference .................................................................................. 113
35. Report of Parties' Planning Meeting ........................................................ 113

SUPPLEMENTAL RULES FOR CERTAIN ADMIRALTY AND MARITIME CLAIMS
Rule A. Scope of Rules ......................................................................................... 115
Rule B. In Personam Actions: Attachment and Garnishment:
(1) When Available; Complaint, Affidavit, Judicial Authorization, and
Process .............................................................................................. 115
(2) Notice to Defendant .................................................................................. 116
(3) Answer:
(a) By Garnishee ...................................................................................... 116
(b) By Defendant ...................................................................................... 116

CONTENTS XXI

Rule C. In Rem Actions: Special Provisions: Page
(1) When Available ......................................................................................... 116
(2) Complaint ................................................................................................. 116
(3) Judicial Authorization and Process:
(a) Arrest Warrant ................................................................................... 117
(b) Service ................................................................................................ 117
(c) Deposit in Court ................................................................................. 117
(d) Supplemental Process ........................................................................ 117
(4) Notice ....................................................................................................... 117
(5) Ancillary Process ...................................................................................... 118
(6) Responsive Pleading; Interrogatories:
(a) Civil Forfeiture .................................................................................. 118
(b) Maritime Arrests and Other Proceedings ........................................... 118
(c) Interrogatories ................................................................................... 119
Rule D. Possessory, Petitory, and Partition Actions .......................................... 119
Rule E. Actions in Rem and Quasi in Rem: General Provisions:
(1) Applicability ............................................................................................. 119
(2) Complaint; Security:
(a) Complaint ........................................................................................... 119
(b) Security for Costs ............................................................................... 119
(3) Process ...................................................................................................... 119
(4) Execution of Process; Marshal's Return; Custody of Property;
Procedures for Release:
(a) In General ........................................................................................... 120
(b) Tangible Property .............................................................................. 120
(c) Intangible Property ............................................................................ 120
(d) Directions with Respect to Property in Custody ................................ 120
(e) Expenses of Seizing and Keeping Property; Deposit ........................... 120
(f) Procedure for Release from Arrest or Attachment ............................. 120
(5) Release of Property:
(a) Special Bond ....................................................................................... 121
(b) General Bond ...................................................................................... 121
(c) Release by Consent or Stipulation; Order of Court or Clerk; Costs 121
(d) Possessory, Petitory, and Partition Actions ...................................... 122
(6) Reduction or Impairment of Security ...................................................... 122
(7) Security on Counterclaim ........................................................................ 122
(8) Restricted Appearance .............................................................................. 122
(9) Disposition of Property; Sales:
(a) Actions for Forfeitures ....................................................................... 122
(b) Interlocutory Sales; Delivery ............................................................. 122
(c) Sales; Proceeds ................................................................................... 123
(10) Preservation of Property ......................................................................... 123
Rule F. Limitation of Liability:
(1) Time for Filing Complaint; Security ........................................................ 123
(2) Complaint ................................................................................................. 123
(3) Claims Against Owner; Injunction ............................................................ 124
(4) Notice to Claimants .................................................................................. 124
(5) Claims and Answer ................................................................................... 124
(6) Information To Be Given Claimants ......................................................... 124
(7) Insufficiency of Fund or Security ............................................................. 125
(8) Objections to Claims: Distribution of Fund .............................................. 125
(9) Venue; Transfer ........................................................................................ 125

RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
FOR THE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTS 1
Effective September 16, 1938, as amended to December 1, 2000

I. SCOPE OF RULES-ONE FORM OF ACTION
Rule 1. Scope and Purpose of Rules
These rules govern the procedure in the United States district
courts in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at
law or in equity or in admiralty, with the exceptions stated in
Rule 81. They shall be construed and administered to secure the
just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.
(As amended Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct. 20, 1949; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July
1, 1966; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Rule 2. One Form of Action
There shall be one form of action to be known as ``civil action.''

II. COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS,
PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERS
Rule 3. Commencement of Action
A civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the
court.
Rule 4. Summons
(a) FORM. The summons shall be signed by the clerk, bear the
seal of the court, identify the court and the parties, be directed to
the defendant, and state the name and address of the plaintiff's at-
torney or, if unrepresented, of the plaintiff. It shall also state the
time within which the defendant must appear and defend, and no-
tify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment
by default against the defendant for the relief demanded in the
complaint. The court may allow a summons to be amended.
(b) ISSUANCE. Upon or after filing the complaint, the plaintiff
may present a summons to the clerk for signature and seal. If the
summons is in proper form, the clerk shall sign, seal, and issue it
to the plaintiff for service on the defendant. A summons, or a copy
of the summons if addressed to multiple defendants, shall be is-
sued for each defendant to be served.
(c) SERVICE WITH COMPLAINT; BY WHOM MADE.
(1) A summons shall be served together with a copy of the
complaint. The plaintiff is responsible for service of a sum-

1 Title amended December 29, 1948, effective October 20, 1949.

(1)

Rule 4 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 2

mons and complaint within the time allowed under subdivi-
sion (m) and shall furnish the person effecting service with the
necessary copies of the summons and complaint.
(2) Service may be effected by any person who is not a party
and who is at least 18 years of age. At the request of the plain-
tiff, however, the court may direct that service be effected by
a United States marshal, deputy United States marshal, or
other person or officer specially appointed by the court for
that purpose. Such an appointment must be made when the
plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 or is authorized to proceed as a seaman
under 28 U.S.C. § 1916.
(d) WAIVER OF SERVICE; DUTY TO SAVE COSTS OF SERVICE; RE-
QUEST TO WAIVE.
(1) A defendant who waives service of a summons does not
thereby waive any objection to the venue or to the jurisdic-
tion of the court over the person of the defendant.
(2) An individual, corporation, or association that is subject
to service under subdivision (e), (f), or (h) and that receives no-
tice of an action in the manner provided in this paragraph has
a duty to avoid unnecessary costs of serving the summons. To
avoid costs, the plaintiff may notify such a defendant of the
commencement of the action and request that the defendant
waive service of a summons. The notice and request
(A) shall be in writing and shall be addressed directly to
the defendant, if an individual, or else to an officer or
managing or general agent (or other agent authorized by
appointment or law to receive service of process) of a de-
fendant subject to service under subdivision (h);
(B) shall be dispatched through first-class mail or other
reliable means;
(C) shall be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and
shall identify the court in which it has been filed;
(D) shall inform the defendant, by means of a text pre-
scribed in an official form promulgated pursuant to Rule
84, of the consequences of compliance and of a failure to
comply with the request;
(E) shall set forth the date on which the request is sent;
(F) shall allow the defendant a reasonable time to return
the waiver, which shall be at least 30 days from the date
on which the request is sent, or 60 days from that date if
the defendant is addressed outside any judicial district of
the United States; and
(G) shall provide the defendant with an extra copy of the
notice and request, as well as a prepaid means of compli-
ance in writing.
If a defendant located within the United States fails to comply
with a request for waiver made by a plaintiff located within
the United States, the court shall impose the costs subse-
quently incurred in effecting service on the defendant unless
good cause for the failure be shown.
(3) A defendant that, before being served with process, time-
ly returns a waiver so requested is not required to serve an an-
swer to the complaint until 60 days after the date on which the
request for waiver of service was sent, or 90 days after that

3 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 4

date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial dis-
trict of the United States.
(4) When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court,
the action shall proceed, except as provided in paragraph (3),
as if a summons and complaint had been served at the time of
filing the waiver, and no proof of service shall be required.
(5) The costs to be imposed on a defendant under paragraph
(2) for failure to comply with a request to waive service of a
summons shall include the costs subsequently incurred in ef-
fecting service under subdivision (e), (f), or (h), together with
the costs, including a reasonable attorney's fee, of any motion
required to collect the costs of service.
(e) SERVICE UPON INDIVIDUALS WITHIN A JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF
THE UNITED STATES. Unless otherwise provided by federal law,
service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been ob-
tained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person,
may be effected in any judicial district of the United States:
(1) pursuant to the law of the state in which the district
court is located, or in which service is effected, for the service
of a summons upon the defendant in an action brought in the
courts of general jurisdiction of the State; or
(2) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint
to the individual personally or by leaving copies thereof at the
individual's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some
person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein or
by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to
an agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive serv-
ice of process.
(f) SERVICE UPON INDIVIDUALS IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY. Unless
otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from
whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an in-
fant or an incompetent person, may be effected in a place not
within any judicial district of the United States:
(1) by any internationally agreed means reasonably cal-
culated to give notice, such as those means authorized by the
Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and
Extrajudicial Documents; or
(2) if there is no internationally agreed means of service or
the applicable international agreement allows other means of
service, provided that service is reasonably calculated to give
notice:(A) in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign
country for service in that country in an action in any of
its courts of general jurisdiction; or
(B) as directed by the foreign authority in response to a
letter rogatory or letter of request; or
(C) unless prohibited by the law of the foreign country,
by
(i) delivery to the individual personally of a copy of
the summons and the complaint; or
(ii) any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to be
addressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to
the party to be served; or
(3) by other means not prohibited by international agree-
ment as may be directed by the court.

Rule 4 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 4

(g) SERVICE UPON INFANTS AND INCOMPETENT PERSONS. Service
upon an infant or an incompetent person in a judicial district of
the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by
the law of the state in which the service is made for the service
of summons or other like process upon any such defendant in an
action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of that state.
Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a place not
within any judicial district of the United States shall be effected
in the manner prescribed by paragraph (2)(A) or (2)(B) of subdivi-
sion (f) or by such means as the court may direct.
(h) SERVICE UPON CORPORATIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS. Unless other-
wise provided by federal law, service upon a domestic or foreign
corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated asso-
ciation that is subject to suit under a common name, and from
which a waiver of service has not been obtained and filed, shall be
effected:
(1) in a judicial district of the United States in the manner
prescribed for individuals by subdivision (e)(1), or by deliver-
ing a copy of the summons and of the complaint to an officer,
a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized
by appointment or by law to receive service of process and, if
the agent is one authorized by statute to receive service and
the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the defend-
ant, or
(2) in a place not within any judicial district of the United
States in any manner prescribed for individuals by subdivision
(f) except personal delivery as provided in paragraph (2)(C)(i)
thereof.
(i) SERVING THE UNITED STATES, ITS AGENCIES, CORPORATIONS,
OFFICERS, OR EMPLOYEES.
(1) Service upon the United States shall be effected
(A) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the com-
plaint to the United States attorney for the district in
which the action is brought or to an assistant United
States attorney or clerical employee designated by the
United States attorney in a writing filed with the clerk of
the court or by sending a copy of the summons and of the
complaint by registered or certified mail addressed to the
civil process clerk at the office of the United States attor-
ney and
(B) by also sending a copy of the summons and of the
complaint by registered or certified mail to the Attorney
General of the United States at Washington, District of
Columbia, and
(C) in any action attacking the validity of an order of an
officer or agency of the United States not made a party, by
also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint
by registered or certified mail to the officer or agency.
(2)(A) Service on an agency or corporation of the United
States, or an officer or employee of the United States sued
only in an official capacity, is effected by serving the United
States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4(i)(1) and by also
sending a copy of the summons and complaint by registered or
certified mail to the officer, employee, agency, or corporation.

5 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 4

(B) Service on an officer or employee of the United States
sued in an individual capacity for acts or omissions occurring
in connection with the performance of duties on behalf of the
United States-whether or not the officer or employee is sued
also in an official capacity-is effected by serving the United
States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4(i)(1) and by serving
the officer or employee in the manner prescribed by Rule 4(e),
(f), or (g).
(3) The court shall allow a reasonable time to serve process
under Rule 4(i) for the purpose of curing the failure to serve:
(A) all persons required to be served in an action gov-
erned by Rule 4(i)(2)(A), if the plaintiff has served either
the United States attorney or the Attorney General of the
United States, or
(B) the United States in an action governed by Rule
4(i)(2)(B), if the plaintiff has served an officer or employee
of the United States sued in an individual capacity.
(j) SERVICE UPON FOREIGN, STATE, OR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS.
(1) Service upon a foreign state or a political subdivision,
agency, or instrumentality thereof shall be effected pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1608.
(2) Service upon a state, municipal corporation, or other
governmental organization subject to suit shall be effected by
delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to its
chief executive officer or by serving the summons and com-
plaint in the manner prescribed by the law of that state for
the service of summons or other like process upon any such
defendant.
(k) TERRITORIAL LIMITS OF EFFECTIVE SERVICE.
(1) Service of a summons or filing a waiver of service is ef-
fective to establish jurisdiction over the person of a defendant
(A) who could be subjected to the jurisdiction of a court
of general jurisdiction in the state in which the district
court is located, or
(B) who is a party joined under Rule 14 or Rule 19 and is
served at a place within a judicial district of the United
States and not more than 100 miles from the place from
which the summons issues, or
(C) who is subject to the federal interpleader jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1335, or
(D) when authorized by a statute of the United States.
(2) If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Con-
stitution and laws of the United States, serving a summons or
filing a waiver of service is also effective, with respect to
claims arising under federal law, to establish personal juris-
diction over the person of any defendant who is not subject to
the jurisdiction of the courts of general jurisdiction of any
state.
(l) PROOF OF SERVICE. If service is not waived, the person effect-
ing service shall make proof thereof to the court. If service is
made by a person other than a United States marshal or deputy
United States marshal, the person shall make affidavit thereof.
Proof of service in a place not within any judicial district of the
United States shall, if effected under paragraph (1) of subdivision
(f), be made pursuant to the applicable treaty or convention, and

Rule 4.1 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 6

shall, if effected under paragraph (2) or (3) thereof, include a re-
ceipt signed by the addressee or other evidence of delivery to the
addressee satisfactory to the court. Failure to make proof of serv-
ice does not affect the validity of the service. The court may allow
proof of service to be amended.
(m) TIME LIMIT FOR SERVICE. If service of the summons and com-
plaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the fil-
ing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initia-
tive after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without
prejudice as to that defendant or direct that service be effected
within a specified time; provided that if the plaintiff shows good
cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service
for an appropriate period. This subdivision does not apply to serv-
ice in a foreign country pursuant to subdivision (f) or (j)(1).
(n) SEIZURE OF PROPERTY; SERVICE OF SUMMONS NOT FEASIBLE.
(1) If a statute of the United States so provides, the court
may assert jurisdiction over property. Notice to claimants of
the property shall then be sent in the manner provided by the
statute or by service of a summons under this rule.
(2) Upon a showing that personal jurisdiction over a defend-
ant cannot, in the district where the action is brought, be ob-
tained with reasonable efforts by service of summons in any
manner authorized by this rule, the court may assert jurisdic-
tion over any of the defendant's assets found within the dis-
trict by seizing the assets under the circumstances and in the
manner provided by the law of the state in which the district
court is located.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July
1, 1966; Apr. 29, 1980, eff. Aug. 1, 1980; Jan. 12, 1983, eff. Feb. 26, 1983;
Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993; Apr. 17,
2000, eff. Dec. 1, 2000.)
Rule 4.1. Service of Other Process
(a) GENERALLY. Process other than a summons as provided in
Rule 4 or subpoena as provided in Rule 45 shall be served by a
United States marshal, a deputy United States marshal, or a per-
son specially appointed for that purpose, who shall make proof of
service as provided in Rule 4(l). The process may be served any-
where within the territorial limits of the state in which the dis-
trict court is located, and, when authorized by a statute of the
United States, beyond the territorial limits of that state.
(b) ENFORCEMENT OF ORDERS: COMMITMENT FOR CIVIL CONTEMPT.
An order of civil commitment of a person held to be in contempt
of a decree or injunction issued to enforce the laws of the United
States may be served and enforced in any district. Other orders in
civil contempt proceedings shall be served in the state in which
the court issuing the order to be enforced is located or elsewhere
within the United States if not more than 100 miles from the place
at which the order to be enforced was issued.
(As added Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Rule 5. Serving and Filing Pleadings and Other Papers
(a) SERVICE: WHEN REQUIRED. Except as otherwise provided in
these rules, every order required by its terms to be served, every

7 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 5

pleading subsequent to the original complaint unless the court
otherwise orders because of numerous defendants, every paper re-
lating to discovery required to be served upon a party unless the
court otherwise orders, every written motion other than one
which may be heard ex parte, and every written notice, appear-
ance, demand, offer of judgment, designation of record on appeal,
and similar paper shall be served upon each of the parties. No
service need be made on parties in default for failure to appear ex-
cept that pleadings asserting new or additional claims for relief
against them shall be served upon them in the manner provided
for service of summons in Rule 4.
In an action begun by seizure of property, in which no person
need be or is named as defendant, any service required to be made
prior to the filing of an answer, claim, or appearance shall be
made upon the person having custody or possession of the prop-
erty at the time of its seizure.
(b) SAME: HOW MADE. Whenever under these rules service is re-
quired or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an at-
torney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service
upon the party is ordered by the court. Service upon the attorney
or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to the attorney
or party or by mailing it to the attorney or party at the attor-
ney's or party's last known address or, if no address is known, by
leaving it with the clerk of the court. Delivery of a copy within
this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party; or
leaving it at the attorney's or party's office with a clerk or other
person in charge thereof; or, if there is no one in charge, leaving
it in a conspicuous place therein; or, if the office is closed or the
person to be served has no office, leaving it at the person's dwell-
ing house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age
and discretion then residing therein. Service by mail is complete
upon mailing.
(c) SAME: NUMEROUS DEFENDANTS. In any action in which there
are unusually large numbers of defendants, the court, upon mo-
tion or of its own initiative, may order that service of the plead-
ings of the defendants and replies thereto need not be made as be-
tween the defendants and that any cross-claim, counterclaim, or
matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense contained
therein shall be deemed to be denied or avoided by all other par-
ties and that the filing of any such pleading and service thereof
upon the plaintiff constitutes due notice of it to the parties. A
copy of every such order shall be served upon the parties in such
manner and form as the court directs.
(d) FILING; CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE. All papers after the com-
plaint required to be served upon a party, together with a certifi-
cate of service, must be filed with the court within a reasonable
time after service, but disclosures under Rule 26(a)(1) or (2) and
the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed
until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing: (i)
depositions, (ii) interrogatories, (iii) requests for documents or to
permit entry upon land, and (iv) requests for admission.
(e) FILING WITH THE COURT DEFINED. The filing of papers with the
court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with
the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers
to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note

Rule 6 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 8

thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit them to the office
of the clerk. A court may by local rule permit papers to be filed,
signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with
technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the
United States establishes. A paper filed by electronic means in
compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the
purpose of applying these rules. The clerk shall not refuse to ac-
cept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because
it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any
local rules or practices.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963; Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July
1, 1970; Apr. 29, 1980, eff. Aug. 1, 1980; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987;
Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993; Apr.
23, 1996, eff. Dec. 1, 1996; Apr. 17, 2000, eff. Dec. 1, 2000.)
Rule 6. Time
(a) COMPUTATION. In computing any period of time prescribed or
allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any district court, by
order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act,
event, or default from which the designated period of time begins
to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so com-
puted shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a
legal holiday, or, when the act to be done is the filing of a paper
in court, a day on which weather or other conditions have made
the office of the clerk of the district court inaccessible, in which
event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not
one of the aforementioned days. When the period of time pre-
scribed or allowed is less than 11 days, intermediate Saturdays,
Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation.
As used in this rule and in Rule 77(c), ``legal holiday'' includes
New Year's Day, Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Washing-
ton's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Co-
lumbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day,
and any other day appointed as a holiday by the President or the
Congress of the United States, or by the state in which the dis-
trict court is held.
(b) ENLARGEMENT. When by these rules or by a notice given
thereunder or by order of court an act is required or allowed to be
done at or within a specified time, the court for cause shown may
at any time in its discretion (1) with or without motion or notice
order the period enlarged if request therefor is made before the ex-
piration of the period originally prescribed or as extended by a
previous order, or (2) upon motion made after the expiration of the
specified period permit the act to be done where the failure to act
was the result of excusable neglect; but it may not extend the
time for taking any action under Rules 50(b) and (c)(2), 52(b), 59(b),
(d) and (e), and 60(b), except to the extent and under the condi-
tions stated in them.
[(c) UNAFFECTED BY EXPIRATION OF TERM.] (Rescinded Feb. 28,
1966, eff. July 1, 1966)
(d) FOR MOTIONS-AFFIDAVITS. A written motion, other than one
which may be heard ex parte, and notice of the hearing thereof
shall be served not later than 5 days before the time specified for
the hearing, unless a different period is fixed by these rules or by

9 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 8

order of the court. Such an order may for cause shown be made on
ex parte application. When a motion is supported by affidavit, the
affidavit shall be served with the motion; and, except as otherwise
provided in Rule 59(c), opposing affidavits may be served not later
than 1 day before the hearing, unless the court permits them to
be served at some other time.
(e) ADDITIONAL TIME AFTER SERVICE BY MAIL. Whenever a party
has the right or is required to do some act or take some proceed-
ings within a prescribed period after the service of a notice or
other paper upon the party and the notice or paper is served upon
the party by mail, 3 days shall be added to the prescribed period.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July
1, 1963; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Dec. 4, 1967, eff. July 1, 1968;
Mar. 1, 1971, eff. July 1, 1971; Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug. 1, 1983; Apr. 29,
1985, eff. Aug. 1, 1985; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 26, 1999,
eff. Dec. 1, 1999.)

III. PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS
Rule 7. Pleadings Allowed; Form of Motions
(a) PLEADINGS. There shall be a complaint and an answer; a
reply to a counterclaim denominated as such; an answer to a
cross-claim, if the answer contains a cross-claim; a third-party
complaint, if a person who was not an original party is summoned
under the provisions of Rule 14; and a third-party answer, if a
third-party complaint is served. No other pleading shall be al-
lowed, except that the court may order a reply to an answer or a
third-party answer.
(b) MOTIONS AND OTHER PAPERS.
(1) An application to the court for an order shall be by mo-
tion which, unless made during a hearing or trial, shall be
made in writing, shall state with particularity the grounds
therefor, and shall set forth the relief or order sought. The re-
quirement of writing is fulfilled if the motion is stated in a
written notice of the hearing of the motion.
(2) The rules applicable to captions and other matters of
form of pleadings apply to all motions and other papers pro-
vided for by these rules.
(3) All motions shall be signed in accordance with Rule 11.
(c) DEMURRERS, PLEAS, ETC., ABOLISHED. Demurrers, pleas, and
exceptions for insufficiency of a pleading shall not be used.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July
1, 1963; Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug. 1, 1983.)
Rule 8. General Rules of Pleading
(a) CLAIMS FOR RELIEF. A pleading which sets forth a claim for
relief, whether an original claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or
third-party claim, shall contain (1) a short and plain statement of
the grounds upon which the court's jurisdiction depends, unless
the court already has jurisdiction and the claim needs no new
grounds of jurisdiction to support it, (2) a short and plain state-
ment of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,
and (3) a demand for judgment for the relief the pleader seeks. Re-
lief in the alternative or of several different types may be de-
manded.

Rule 8 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 10

(b) DEFENSES; FORM OF DENIALS. A party shall state in short and
plain terms the party's defenses to each claim asserted and shall
admit or deny the averments upon which the adverse party relies.
If a party is without knowledge or information sufficient to form
a belief as to the truth of an averment, the party shall so state
and this has the effect of a denial. Denials shall fairly meet the
substance of the averments denied. When a pleader intends in good
faith to deny only a part or a qualification of an averment, the
pleader shall specify so much of it as is true and material and
shall deny only the remainder. Unless the pleader intends in good
faith to controvert all the averments of the preceding pleading,
the pleader may make denials as specific denials of designated
averments or paragraphs or may generally deny all the averments
except such designated averments or paragraphs as the pleader ex-
pressly admits; but, when the pleader does so intend to controvert
all its averments, including averments of the grounds upon which
the court's jurisdiction depends, the pleader may do so by general
denial subject to the obligations set forth in Rule 11.
(c) AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES. In pleading to a preceding pleading,
a party shall set forth affirmatively accord and satisfaction, arbi-
tration and award, assumption of risk, contributory negligence,
discharge in bankruptcy, duress, estoppel, failure of consideration,
fraud, illegality, injury by fellow servant, laches, license, pay-
ment, release, res judicata, statute of frauds, statute of limita-
tions, waiver, and any other matter constituting an avoidance or
affirmative defense. When a party has mistakenly designated a de-
fense as a counterclaim or a counterclaim as a defense, the court
on terms, if justice so requires, shall treat the pleading as if there
had been a proper designation.
(d) EFFECT OF FAILURE TO DENY. Averments in a pleading to
which a responsive pleading is required, other than those as to the
amount of damage, are admitted when not denied in the respon-
sive pleading. Averments in a pleading to which no responsive
pleading is required or permitted shall be taken as denied or
avoided.
(e) PLEADING TO BE CONCISE AND DIRECT; CONSISTENCY.
(1) Each averment of a pleading shall be simple, concise, and
direct. No technical forms of pleading or motions are required.
(2) A party may set forth two or more statements of a claim
or defense alternately or hypothetically, either in one count
or defense or in separate counts or defenses. When two or more
statements are made in the alternative and one of them if
made independently would be sufficient, the pleading is not
made insufficient by the insufficiency of one or more of the al-
ternative statements. A party may also state as many sepa-
rate claims or defenses as the party has regardless of consist-
ency and whether based on legal, equitable, or maritime
grounds. All statements shall be made subject to the obliga-
tions set forth in Rule 11.
(f) CONSTRUCTION OF PLEADINGS. All pleadings shall be so con-
strued as to do substantial justice.
(As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug.
1, 1987.)

11 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 10

Rule 9. Pleading Special Matters
(a) CAPACITY. It is not necessary to aver the capacity of a party
to sue or be sued or the authority of a party to sue or be sued in
a representative capacity or the legal existence of an organized as-
sociation of persons that is made a party, except to the extent re-
quired to show the jurisdiction of the court. When a party desires
to raise an issue as to the legal existence of any party or the ca-
pacity of any party to sue or be sued or the authority of a party
to sue or be sued in a representative capacity, the party desiring
to raise the issue shall do so by specific negative averment, which
shall include such supporting particulars as are peculiarly within
the pleader's knowledge.
(b) FRAUD, MISTAKE, CONDITION OF THE MIND. In all averments of
fraud or mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake
shall be stated with particularity. Malice, intent, knowledge, and
other condition of mind of a person may be averred generally.
(c) CONDITIONS PRECEDENT. In pleading the performance or oc-
currence of conditions precedent, it is sufficient to aver generally
that all conditions precedent have been performed or have oc-
curred. A denial of performance or occurrence shall be made spe-
cifically and with particularity.
(d) OFFICIAL DOCUMENT OR ACT. In pleading an official document
or official act it is sufficient to aver that the document was issued
or the act done in compliance with law.
(e) JUDGMENT. In pleading a judgment or decision of a domestic
or foreign court, judicial or quasi-judicial tribunal, or of a board
or officer, it is sufficient to aver the judgment or decision without
setting forth matter showing jurisdiction to render it.
(f) TIME AND PLACE. For the purpose of testing the sufficiency of
a pleading, averments of time and place are material and shall be
considered like all other averments of material matter.
(g) SPECIAL DAMAGE. When items of special damage are claimed,
they shall be specifically stated.
(h) ADMIRALTY AND MARITIME CLAIMS. A pleading or count set-
ting forth a claim for relief within the admiralty and maritime ju-
risdiction that is also within the jurisdiction of the district court
on some other ground may contain a statement identifying the
claim as an admiralty or maritime claim for the purposes of Rules
14(c), 38(e), 82, and the Supplemental Rules for Certain Admiralty
and Maritime Claims. If the claim is cognizable only in admiralty,
it is an admiralty or maritime claim for those purposes whether
so identified or not. The amendment of a pleading to add or with-
draw an identifying statement is governed by the principles of
Rule 15. A case that includes an admiralty or maritime claim
within this subdivision is an admiralty case within 28 U.S.C.
§ 1292(a)(3).
(As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Dec. 4, 1967, eff. July
1, 1968; Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July 1, 1970; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987;
Apr. 11, 1997, eff. Dec. 1, 1997.)
Rule 10. Form of Pleadings
(a) CAPTION; NAMES OF PARTIES. Every pleading shall contain a
caption setting forth the name of the court, the title of the ac-
tion, the file number, and a designation as in Rule 7(a). In the

Rule 11 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 12

complaint the title of the action shall include the names of all the
parties, but in other pleadings it is sufficient to state the name of
the first party on each side with an appropriate indication of
other parties.
(b) PARAGRAPHS; SEPARATE STATEMENTS. All averments of claim
or defense shall be made in numbered paragraphs, the contents of
each of which shall be limited as far as practicable to a statement
of a single set of circumstances; and a paragraph may be referred
to by number in all succeeding pleadings. Each claim founded
upon a separate transaction or occurrence and each defense other
than denials shall be stated in a separate count or defense when-
ever a separation facilitates the clear presentation of the matters
set forth.
(c) ADOPTION BY REFERENCE; EXHIBITS. Statements in a pleading
may be adopted by reference in a different part of the same plead-
ing or in another pleading or in any motion. A copy of any written
instrument which is an exhibit to a pleading is a part thereof for
all purposes.
Rule 11. Signing of Pleadings, Motions, and Other Papers; Rep-
resentations to Court; Sanctions
(a) SIGNATURE. Every pleading, written motion, and other paper
shall be signed by at least one attorney of record in the attorney's
individual name, or, if the party is not represented by an attor-
ney, shall be signed by the party. Each paper shall state the sign-
er's address and telephone number, if any. Except when otherwise
specifically provided by rule or statute, pleadings need not be
verified or accompanied by affidavit. An unsigned paper shall be
stricken unless omission of the signature is corrected promptly
after being called to the attention of the attorney or party.
(b) REPRESENTATIONS TO COURT. By presenting to the court
(whether by signing, filing, submitting, or later advocating) a
pleading, written motion, or other paper, an attorney or unrep-
resented party is certifying that to the best of the person's knowl-
edge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable
under the circumstances,-
(1) it is not being presented for any improper purpose, such
as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase
in the cost of litigation;
(2) the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions therein
are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument
for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or
the establishment of new law;
(3) the allegations and other factual contentions have evi-
dentiary support or, if specifically so identified, are likely to
have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for
further investigation or discovery; and
(4) the denials of factual contentions are warranted on the
evidence or, if specifically so identified, are reasonably based
on a lack of information or belief.
(c) SANCTIONS. If, after notice and a reasonable opportunity to
respond, the court determines that subdivision (b) has been vio-
lated, the court may, subject to the conditions stated below, im-
pose an appropriate sanction upon the attorneys, law firms, or

13 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 12

parties that have violated subdivision (b) or are responsible for
the violation.
(1) How Initiated.
(A) By Motion. A motion for sanctions under this rule
shall be made separately from other motions or requests
and shall describe the specific conduct alleged to violate
subdivision (b). It shall be served as provided in Rule 5, but
shall not be filed with or presented to the court unless,
within 21 days after service of the motion (or such other
period as the court may prescribe), the challenged paper,
claim, defense, contention, allegation, or denial is not
withdrawn or appropriately corrected. If warranted, the
court may award to the party prevailing on the motion the
reasonable expenses and attorney's fees incurred in pre-
senting or opposing the motion. Absent exceptional cir-
cumstances, a law firm shall be held jointly responsible for
violations committed by its partners, associates, and em-
ployees.
(B) On Court's Initiative. On its own initiative, the court
may enter an order describing the specific conduct that
appears to violate subdivision (b) and directing an attor-
ney, law firm, or party to show cause why it has not vio-
lated subdivision (b) with respect thereto.
(2) Nature of Sanction; Limitations. A sanction imposed for
violation of this rule shall be limited to what is sufficient to
deter repetition of such conduct or comparable conduct by
others similarly situated. Subject to the limitations in sub-
paragraphs (A) and (B), the sanction may consist of, or in-
clude, directives of a nonmonetary nature, an order to pay a
penalty into court, or, if imposed on motion and warranted for
effective deterrence, an order directing payment to the mov-
ant of some or all of the reasonable attorneys' fees and other
expenses incurred as a direct result of the violation.
(A) Monetary sanctions may not be awarded against a
represented party for a violation of subdivision (b)(2).
(B) Monetary sanctions may not be awarded on the
court's initiative unless the court issues its order to show
cause before a voluntary dismissal or settlement of the
claims made by or against the party which is, or whose at-
torneys are, to be sanctioned.
(3) Order. When imposing sanctions, the court shall describe
the conduct determined to constitute a violation of this rule
and explain the basis for the sanction imposed.
(d) INAPPLICABILITY TO DISCOVERY. Subdivisions (a) through (c)
of this rule do not apply to disclosures and discovery requests, re-
sponses, objections, and motions that are subject to the provisions
of Rules 26 through 37.
(As amended Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug. 1, 1983; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug.
1, 1987; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Rule 12. Defenses and Objections-When and How Presented-By
Pleading or Motion-Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings
(a) WHEN PRESENTED.
(1) Unless a different time is prescribed in a statute of the
United States, a defendant shall serve an answer

Rule 12 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 14

(A) within 20 days after being served with the summons
and complaint, or
(B) if service of the summons has been timely waived on
request under Rule 4(d), within 60 days after the date when
the request for waiver was sent, or within 90 days after
that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judi-
cial district of the United States.
(2) A party served with a pleading stating a cross-claim
against that party shall serve an answer thereto within 20
days after being served. The plaintiff shall serve a reply to a
counterclaim in the answer within 20 days after service of the
answer, or, if a reply is ordered by the court, within 20 days
after service of the order, unless the order otherwise directs.
(3)(A) The United States, an agency of the United States, or
an officer or employee of the United States sued in an official
capacity, shall serve an answer to the complaint or cross-
claim-or a reply to a counterclaim-within 60 days after the
United States attorney is served with the pleading asserting
the claim.
(B) An officer or employee of the United States sued in an
individual capacity for acts or omissions occurring in connec-
tion with the performance of duties on behalf of the United
States shall serve an answer to the complaint or cross-claim-
or a reply to a counterclaim-within 60 days after service on
the officer or employee, or service on the United States attor-
ney, whichever is later.
(4) Unless a different time is fixed by court order, the service
of a motion permitted under this rule alters these periods of
time as follows:
(A) if the court denies the motion or postpones its dis-
position until the trial on the merits, the responsive plead-
ing shall be served within 10 days after notice of the
court's action; or
(B) if the court grants a motion for a more definite
statement, the responsive pleading shall be served within
10 days after the service of the more definite statement.
(b) HOW PRESENTED. Every defense, in law or fact, to a claim for
relief in any pleading, whether a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim,
or third-party claim, shall be asserted in the responsive pleading
thereto if one is required, except that the following defenses may
at the option of the pleader be made by motion: (1) lack of juris-
diction over the subject matter, (2) lack of jurisdiction over the
person, (3) improper venue, (4) insufficiency of process, (5) insuffi-
ciency of service of process, (6) failure to state a claim upon which
relief can be granted, (7) failure to join a party under Rule 19. A
motion making any of these defenses shall be made before plead-
ing if a further pleading is permitted. No defense or objection is
waived by being joined with one or more other defenses or objec-
tions in a responsive pleading or motion. If a pleading sets forth
a claim for relief to which the adverse party is not required to
serve a responsive pleading, the adverse party may assert at the
trial any defense in law or fact to that claim for relief. If, on a
motion asserting the defense numbered (6) to dismiss for failure of
the pleading to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,
matters outside the pleading are presented to and not excluded by

15 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 12

the court, the motion shall be treated as one for summary judg-
ment and disposed of as provided in Rule 56, and all parties shall
be given reasonable opportunity to present all material made per-
tinent to such a motion by Rule 56.
(c) MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS. After the pleadings
are closed but within such time as not to delay the trial, any
party may move for judgment on the pleadings. If, on a motion for
judgment on the pleadings, matters outside the pleadings are pre-
sented to and not excluded by the court, the motion shall be treat-
ed as one for summary judgment and disposed of as provided in
Rule 56, and all parties shall be given reasonable opportunity to
present all material made pertinent to such a motion by Rule 56.
(d) PRELIMINARY HEARINGS. The defenses specifically enumer-
ated (1)(7) in subdivision (b) of this rule, whether made in a plead-
ing or by motion, and the motion for judgment mentioned in sub-
division (c) of this rule shall be heard and determined before trial
on application of any party, unless the court orders that the hear-
ing and determination thereof be deferred until the trial.
(e) MOTION FOR MORE DEFINITE STATEMENT. If a pleading to
which a responsive pleading is permitted is so vague or ambiguous
that a party cannot reasonably be required to frame a responsive
pleading, the party may move for a more definite statement be-
fore interposing a responsive pleading. The motion shall point out
the defects complained of and the details desired. If the motion is
granted and the order of the court is not obeyed within 10 days
after notice of the order or within such other time as the court
may fix, the court may strike the pleading to which the motion
was directed or make such order as it deems just.
(f) MOTION TO STRIKE. Upon motion made by a party before re-
sponding to a pleading or, if no responsive pleading is permitted
by these rules, upon motion made by a party within 20 days after
the service of the pleading upon the party or upon the court's own
initiative at any time, the court may order stricken from any
pleading any insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial,
impertinent, or scandalous matter.
(g) CONSOLIDATION OF DEFENSES IN MOTION. A party who makes
a motion under this rule may join with it any other motions here-
in provided for and then available to the party. If a party makes
a motion under this rule but omits therefrom any defense or ob-
jection then available to the party which this rule permits to be
raised by motion, the party shall not thereafter make a motion
based on the defense or objection so omitted, except a motion as
provided in subdivision (h)(2) hereof on any of the grounds there
stated.
(h) WAIVER OR PRESERVATION OF CERTAIN DEFENSES.
(1) A defense of lack of jurisdiction over the person, im-
proper venue, insufficiency of process, or insufficiency of serv-
ice of process is waived (A) if omitted from a motion in the
circumstances described in subdivision (g), or (B) if it is nei-
ther made by motion under this rule nor included in a respon-
sive pleading or an amendment thereof permitted by Rule 15(a)
to be made as a matter of course.
(2) A defense of failure to state a claim upon which relief can
be granted, a defense of failure to join a party indispensable
under Rule 19, and an objection of failure to state a legal de-

Rule 13 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 16

fense to a claim may be made in any pleading permitted or or-
dered under Rule 7(a), or by motion for judgment on the plead-
ings, or at the trial on the merits.
(3) Whenever it appears by suggestion of the parties or
otherwise that the court lacks jurisdiction of the subject mat-
ter, the court shall dismiss the action.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July
1, 1963; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987;
Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993; Apr. 17, 2000, eff. Dec. 1, 2000.)
Rule 13. Counterclaim and Cross-Claim
(a) COMPULSORY COUNTERCLAIMS. A pleading shall state as a
counterclaim any claim which at the time of serving the pleading
the pleader has against any opposing party, if it arises out of the
transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the oppos-
ing party's claim and does not require for its adjudication the
presence of third parties of whom the court cannot acquire juris-
diction. But the pleader need not state the claim if (1) at the time
the action was commenced the claim was the subject of another
pending action, or (2) the opposing party brought suit upon the
claim by attachment or other process by which the court did not
acquire jurisdiction to render a personal judgment on that claim,
and the pleader is not stating any counterclaim under this Rule
13.(b) PERMISSIVE COUNTERCLAIMS. A pleading may state as a coun-
terclaim any claim against an opposing party not arising out of
the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the op-
posing party's claim.
(c) COUNTERCLAIM EXCEEDING OPPOSING CLAIM. A counterclaim
may or may not diminish or defeat the recovery sought by the op-
posing party. It may claim relief exceeding in amount or different
in kind from that sought in the pleading of the opposing party.
(d) COUNTERCLAIM AGAINST THE UNITED STATES. These rules shall
not be construed to enlarge beyond the limits now fixed by law
the right to assert counterclaims or to claim credits against the
United States or an officer or agency thereof.
(e) COUNTERCLAIM MATURING OR ACQUIRED AFTER PLEADING. A
claim which either matured or was acquired by the pleader after
serving a pleading may, with the permission of the court, be pre-
sented as a counterclaim by supplemental pleading.
(f) OMITTED COUNTERCLAIM. When a pleader fails to set up a
counterclaim through oversight, inadvertence, or excusable ne-
glect, or when justice requires, the pleader may by leave of court
set up the counterclaim by amendment.
(g) CROSS-CLAIM AGAINST CO-PARTY. A pleading may state as a
cross-claim any claim by one party against a co-party arising out
of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter either
of the original action or of a counterclaim therein or relating to
any property that is the subject matter of the original action.
Such cross-claim may include a claim that the party against
whom it is asserted is or may be liable to the cross-claimant for
all or part of a claim asserted in the action against the cross-
claimant.
(h) JOINDER OF ADDITIONAL PARTIES. Persons other than those
made parties to the original action may be made parties to a

17 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 14

counterclaim or cross-claim in accordance with the provisions of
Rules 19 and 20.
(i) SEPARATE TRIALS; SEPARATE JUDGMENTS. If the court orders
separate trials as provided in Rule 42(b), judgment on a counter-
claim or cross-claim may be rendered in accordance with the
terms of Rule 54(b) when the court has jurisdiction so to do, even
if the claims of the opposing party have been dismissed or other-
wise disposed of.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July
1, 1963; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987.)
Rule 14. Third-Party Practice
(a) WHEN DEFENDANT MAY BRING IN THIRD PARTY. At any time
after commencement of the action a defending party, as a third-
party plaintiff, may cause a summons and complaint to be served
upon a person not a party to the action who is or may be liable
to the third-party plaintiff for all or part of the plaintiff's claim
against the third-party plaintiff. The third-party plaintiff need
not obtain leave to make the service if the third-party plaintiff
files the third-party complaint not later than 10 days after serving
the original answer. Otherwise the third-party plaintiff must ob-
tain leave on motion upon notice to all parties to the action. The
person served with the summons and third-party complaint, here-
inafter called the third-party defendant, shall make any defenses
to the third-party plaintiff's claim as provided in Rule 12 and any
counterclaims against the third-party plaintiff and cross-claims
against other third-party defendants as provided in Rule 13. The
third-party defendant may assert against the plaintiff any de-
fenses which the third-party plaintiff has to the plaintiff's claim.
The third-party defendant may also assert any claim against the
plaintiff arising out of the transaction or occurrence that is the
subject matter of the plaintiff's claim against the third-party
plaintiff. The plaintiff may assert any claim against the third-
party defendant arising out of the transaction or occurrence that
is the subject matter of the plaintiff's claim against the third-
party plaintiff, and the third-party defendant thereupon shall as-
sert any defenses as provided in Rule 12 and any counterclaims
and cross-claims as provided in Rule 13. Any party may move to
strike the third-party claim, or for its severance or separate trial.
A third-party defendant may proceed under this rule against any
person not a party to the action who is or may be liable to the
third-party defendant for all or part of the claim made in the ac-
tion against the third-party defendant. The third-party complaint,
if within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, may be in rem
against a vessel, cargo, or other property subject to admiralty or
maritime process in rem, in which case references in this rule to
the summons include the warrant of arrest, and references to the
third-party plaintiff or defendant include, where appropriate, a
person who asserts a right under Supplemental Rule C(6)(b)(i) in
the property arrested.
(b) WHEN PLAINTIFF MAY BRING IN THIRD PARTY. When a coun-
terclaim is asserted against a plaintiff, the plaintiff may cause a
third party to be brought in under circumstances which under this
rule would entitle a defendant to do so.

Rule 15 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 18

(c) ADMIRALTY AND MARITIME CLAIMS. When a plaintiff asserts an
admiralty or maritime claim within the meaning of Rule 9(h), the
defendant or person who asserts a right under Supplemental Rule
C(6)(b)(i), as a third-party plaintiff, may bring in a third-party de-
fendant who may be wholly or partly liable, either to the plaintiff
or to the third-party plaintiff, by way of remedy over, contribu-
tion, or otherwise on account of the same transaction, occurrence,
or series of transactions or occurrences. In such a case the third-
party plaintiff may also demand judgment against the third-party
defendant in favor of the plaintiff, in which event the third-party
defendant shall make any defenses to the claim of the plaintiff as
well as to that of the third-party plaintiff in the manner provided
in Rule 12 and the action shall proceed as if the plaintiff had com-
menced it against the third-party defendant as well as the third-
party plaintiff.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July
1, 1963; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987;
Apr. 17, 2000, eff. Dec. 1, 2000.)
Rule 15. Amended and Supplemental Pleadings
(a) AMENDMENTS. A party may amend the party's pleading once
as a matter of course at any time before a responsive pleading is
served or, if the pleading is one to which no responsive pleading
is permitted and the action has not been placed upon the trial cal-
endar, the party may so amend it at any time within 20 days after
it is served. Otherwise a party may amend the party's pleading
only by leave of court or by written consent of the adverse party;
and leave shall be freely given when justice so requires. A party
shall plead in response to an amended pleading within the time re-
maining for response to the original pleading or within 10 days
after service of the amended pleading, whichever period may be
the longer, unless the court otherwise orders.
(b) AMENDMENTS TO CONFORM TO THE EVIDENCE. When issues not
raised by the pleadings are tried by express or implied consent of
the parties, they shall be treated in all respects as if they had
been raised in the pleadings. Such amendment of the pleadings as
may be necessary to cause them to conform to the evidence and
to raise these issues may be made upon motion of any party at
any time, even after judgment; but failure so to amend does not
affect the result of the trial of these issues. If evidence is objected
to at the trial on the ground that it is not within the issues made
by the pleadings, the court may allow the pleadings to be amended
and shall do so freely when the presentation of the merits of the
action will be subserved thereby and the objecting party fails to
satisfy the court that the admission of such evidence would preju-
dice the party in maintaining the party's action or defense upon
the merits. The court may grant a continuance to enable the ob-
jecting party to meet such evidence.
(c) RELATION BACK OF AMENDMENTS. An amendment of a pleading
relates back to the date of the original pleading when
(1) relation back is permitted by the law that provides the
statute of limitations applicable to the action, or
(2) the claim or defense asserted in the amended pleading
arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth
or attempted to be set forth in the original pleading, or

19 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 16

(3) the amendment changes the party or the naming of the
party against whom a claim is asserted if the foregoing provi-
sion (2) is satisfied and, within the period provided by Rule
4(m) for service of the summons and complaint, the party to
be brought in by amendment (A) has received such notice of
the institution of the action that the party will not be preju-
diced in maintaining a defense on the merits, and (B) knew or
should have known that, but for a mistake concerning the
identity of the proper party, the action would have been
brought against the party.
The delivery or mailing of process to the United States At-
torney, or United States Attorney's designee, or the Attorney
General of the United States, or an agency or officer who
would have been a proper defendant if named, satisfies the re-
quirement of subparagraphs (A) and (B) of this paragraph (3)
with respect to the United States or any agency or officer
thereof to be brought into the action as a defendant.
(d) SUPPLEMENTAL PLEADINGS. Upon motion of a party the court
may, upon reasonable notice and upon such terms as are just, per-
mit the party to serve a supplemental pleading setting forth
transactions or occurrences or events which have happened since
the date of the pleading sought to be supplemented. Permission
may be granted even though the original pleading is defective in
its statement of a claim for relief or defense. If the court deems
it advisable that the adverse party plead to the supplemental
pleading, it shall so order, specifying the time therefor.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July
1, 1966; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991;
Dec. 9, 1991; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Rule 16. Pretrial Conferences; Scheduling; Management
(a) PRETRIAL CONFERENCES; OBJECTIVES. In any action, the court
may in its discretion direct the attorneys for the parties and any
unrepresented parties to appear before it for a conference or con-
ferences before trial for such purposes as
(1) expediting the disposition of the action;
(2) establishing early and continuing control so that the case
will not be protracted because of lack of management;
(3) discouraging wasteful pretrial activities;
(4) improving the quality of the trial through more thorough
preparation, and;
(5) facilitating the settlement of the case.
(b) SCHEDULING AND PLANNING. Except in categories of actions
exempted by district court rule as inappropriate, the district
judge, or a magistrate judge when authorized by district court
rule, shall, after receiving the report from the parties under Rule
26(f) or after consulting with the attorneys for the parties and any
unrepresented parties by a scheduling conference, telephone, mail,
or other suitable means, enter a scheduling order that limits the
time (1) to join other parties and to amend the pleadings;
(2) to file motions; and
(3) to complete discovery.
The scheduling order also may include

Rule 16 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 20

(4) modifications of the times for disclosures under Rules
26(a) and 26(e)(1) and of the extent of discovery to be per-
mitted;
(5) the date or dates for conferences before trial, a final pre-
trial conference, and trial; and
(6) any other matters appropriate in the circumstances of
the case.
The order shall issue as soon as practicable but in any event with-
in 90 days after the appearance of a defendant and within 120 days
after the complaint has been served on a defendant. A schedule
shall not be modified except upon a showing of good cause and by
leave of the district judge or, when authorized by local rule, by a
magistrate judge.
(c) SUBJECTS FOR CONSIDERATION AT PRETRIAL CONFERENCES. At
any conference under this rule consideration may be given, and
the court may take appropriate action, with respect to
(1) the formulation and simplification of the issues, includ-
ing the elimination of frivolous claims or defenses;
(2) the necessity or desirability of amendments to the plead-
ings;
(3) the possibility of obtaining admissions of fact and of doc-
uments which will avoid unnecessary proof, stipulations re-
garding the authenticity of documents, and advance rulings
from the court on the admissibility of evidence;
(4) the avoidance of unnecessary proof and of cumulative evi-
dence, and limitations or restrictions on the use of testimony
under Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence;
(5) the appropriateness and timing of summary adjudication
under Rule 56;
(6) the control and scheduling of discovery, including orders
affecting disclosures and discovery pursuant to Rule 26 and
Rules 29 through 37;
(7) the identification of witnesses and documents, the need
and schedule for filing and exchanging pretrial briefs, and the
date or dates for further conferences and for trial;
(8) the advisability of referring matters to a magistrate
judge or master;
(9) settlement and the use of special procedures to assist in
resolving the dispute when authorized by statute or local rule;
(10) the form and substance of the pretrial order;
(11) the disposition of pending motions;
(12) the need for adopting special procedures for managing
potentially difficult or protracted actions that may involve
complex issues, multiple parties, difficult legal questions, or
unusual proof problems;
(13) an order for a separate trial pursuant to Rule 42(b) with
respect to a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party
claim, or with respect to any particular issue in the case;
(14) an order directing a party or parties to present evidence
early in the trial with respect to a manageable issue that
could, on the evidence, be the basis for a judgment as a matter
of law under Rule 50(a) or a judgment on partial findings under
Rule 52(c);
(15) an order establishing a reasonable limit on the time al-
lowed for presenting evidence; and

21 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 17

(16) such other matters as may facilitate the just, speedy,
and inexpensive disposition of the action.
At least one of the attorneys for each party participating in any
conference before trial shall have authority to enter into stipula-
tions and to make admissions regarding all matters that the par-
ticipants may reasonably anticipate may be discussed. If appro-
priate, the court may require that a party or its representative be
present or reasonably available by telephone in order to consider
possible settlement of the dispute.
(d) FINAL PRETRIAL CONFERENCE. Any final pretrial conference
shall be held as close to the time of trial as reasonable under the
circumstances. The participants at any such conference shall for-
mulate a plan for trial, including a program for facilitating the
admission of evidence. The conference shall be attended by at
least one of the attorneys who will conduct the trial for each of
the parties and by any unrepresented parties.
(e) PRETRIAL ORDERS. After any conference held pursuant to this
rule, an order shall be entered reciting the action taken. This
order shall control the subsequent course of the action unless
modified by a subsequent order. The order following a final pre-
trial conference shall be modified only to prevent manifest injus-
tice.
(f) SANCTIONS. If a party or party's attorney fails to obey a
scheduling or pretrial order, or if no appearance is made on behalf
of a party at a scheduling or pretrial conference, or if a party or
party's attorney is substantially unprepared to participate in the
conference, or if a party or party's attorney fails to participate in
good faith, the judge, upon motion or the judge's own initiative,
may make such orders with regard thereto as are just, and among
others any of the orders provided in Rule 37(b)(2)(B), (C), (D). In
lieu of or in addition to any other sanction, the judge shall require
the party or the attorney representing the party or both to pay
the reasonable expenses incurred because of any noncompliance
with this rule, including attorney's fees, unless the judge finds
that the noncompliance was substantially justified or that other
circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.
(As amended Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug. 1, 1983; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug.
1, 1987; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)

IV. PARTIES
Rule 17. Parties Plaintiff and Defendant; Capacity
(a) REAL PARTY IN INTEREST. Every action shall be prosecuted in
the name of the real party in interest. An executor, adminis-
trator, guardian, bailee, trustee of an express trust, a party with
whom or in whose name a contract has been made for the benefit
of another, or a party authorized by statute may sue in that per-
son's own name without joining the party for whose benefit the
action is brought; and when a statute of the United States so pro-
vides, an action for the use or benefit of another shall be brought
in the name of the United States. No action shall be dismissed on
the ground that it is not prosecuted in the name of the real party
in interest until a reasonable time has been allowed after objec-
tion for ratification of commencement of the action by, or joinder

Rule 18 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 22

or substitution of, the real party in interest; and such ratification,
joinder, or substitution shall have the same effect as if the action
had been commenced in the name of the real party in interest.
(b) CAPACITY TO SUE OR BE SUED. The capacity of an individual,
other than one acting in a representative capacity, to sue or be
sued shall be determined by the law of the individual's domicile.
The capacity of a corporation to sue or be sued shall be deter-
mined by the law under which it was organized. In all other cases
capacity to sue or be sued shall be determined by the law of the
state in which the district court is held, except (1) that a partner-
ship or other unincorporated association, which has no such ca-
pacity by the law of such state, may sue or be sued in its common
name for the purpose of enforcing for or against it a substantive
right existing under the Constitution or laws of the United States,
and (2) that the capacity of a receiver appointed by a court of the
United States to sue or be sued in a court of the United States is
governed by Title 28, U.S.C., Sections 754 and 959(a).
(c) INFANTS OR INCOMPETENT PERSONS. Whenever an infant or in-
competent person has a representative, such as a general guard-
ian, committee, conservator, or other like fiduciary, the rep-
resentative may sue or defend on behalf of the infant or incom-
petent person. An infant or incompetent person who does not have
a duly appointed representative may sue by a next friend or by a
guardian ad litem. The court shall appoint a guardian ad litem for
an infant or incompetent person not otherwise represented in an
action or shall make such other order as it deems proper for the
protection of the infant or incompetent person.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct.
20, 1949; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987;
Apr. 25, 1988, eff. Aug. 1, 1988; Nov. 18, 1988.)
Rule 18. Joinder of Claims and Remedies
(a) JOINDER OF CLAIMS. A party asserting a claim to relief as an
original claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim,
may join, either as independent or as alternate claims, as many
claims, legal, equitable, or maritime, as the party has against an
opposing party.
(b) JOINDER OF REMEDIES; FRAUDULENT CONVEYANCES. Whenever
a claim is one heretofore cognizable only after another claim has
been prosecuted to a conclusion, the two claims may be joined in
a single action; but the court shall grant relief in that action only
in accordance with the relative substantive rights of the parties.
In particular, a plaintiff may state a claim for money and a claim
to have set aside a conveyance fraudulent as to that plaintiff,
without first having obtained a judgment establishing the claim
for money.
(As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug.
1, 1987.)
Rule 19. Joinder of Persons Needed for Just Adjudication
(a) PERSONS TO BE JOINED IF FEASIBLE. A person who is subject
to service of process and whose joinder will not deprive the court
of jurisdiction over the subject matter of the action shall be
joined as a party in the action if (1) in the person's absence com-

23 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 20

plete relief cannot be accorded among those already parties, or (2)
the person claims an interest relating to the subject of the action
and is so situated that the disposition of the action in the person's
absence may (i) as a practical matter impair or impede the per-
son's ability to protect that interest or (ii) leave any of the per-
sons already parties subject to a substantial risk of incurring dou-
ble, multiple, or otherwise inconsistent obligations by reason of
the claimed interest. If the person has not been so joined, the
court shall order that the person be made a party. If the person
should join as a plaintiff but refuses to do so, the person may be
made a defendant, or, in a proper case, an involuntary plaintiff. If
the joined party objects to venue and joinder of that party would
render the venue of the action improper, that party shall be dis-
missed from the action.
(b) DETERMINATION BY COURT WHENEVER JOINDER NOT FEASIBLE.
If a person as described in subdivision (a)(1)(2) hereof cannot be
made a party, the court shall determine whether in equity and
good conscience the action should proceed among the parties be-
fore it, or should be dismissed, the absent person being thus re-
garded as indispensable. The factors to be considered by the court
include: first, to what extent a judgment rendered in the person's
absence might be prejudicial to the person or those already par-
ties; second, the extent to which, by protective provisions in the
judgment, by the shaping of relief, or other measures, the preju-
dice can be lessened or avoided; third, whether a judgment ren-
dered in the person's absence will be adequate; fourth, whether the
plaintiff will have an adequate remedy if the action is dismissed
for nonjoinder.
(c) PLEADING REASONS FOR NONJOINDER. A pleading asserting a
claim for relief shall state the names, if known to the pleader, of
any persons as described in subdivision (a)(1)(2) hereof who are
not joined, and the reasons why they are not joined.
(d) EXCEPTION OF CLASS ACTIONS. This rule is subject to the pro-
visions of Rule 23.
(As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug.
1, 1987.)
Rule 20. Permissive Joinder of Parties
(a) PERMISSIVE JOINDER. All persons may join in one action as
plaintiffs if they assert any right to relief jointly, severally, or in
the alternative in respect of or arising out of the same trans-
action, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences and if
any question of law or fact common to all these persons will arise
in the action. All persons (and any vessel, cargo or other property
subject to admiralty process in rem) may be joined in one action
as defendants if there is asserted against them jointly, severally,
or in the alternative, any right to relief in respect of or arising
out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions
or occurrences and if any question of law or fact common to all
defendants will arise in the action. A plaintiff or defendant need
not be interested in obtaining or defending against all the relief
demanded. Judgment may be given for one or more of the plain-
tiffs according to their respective rights to relief, and against one
or more defendants according to their respective liabilities.

Rule 21 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 24

(b) SEPARATE TRIALS. The court may make such orders as will
prevent a party from being embarrassed, delayed, or put to ex-
pense by the inclusion of a party against whom the party asserts
no claim and who asserts no claim against the party, and may
order separate trials or make other orders to prevent delay or
prejudice.
(As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug.
1, 1987.)
Rule 21. Misjoinder and Non-Joinder of Parties
Misjoinder of parties is not ground for dismissal of an action.
Parties may be dropped or added by order of the court on motion
of any party or of its own initiative at any stage of the action and
on such terms as are just. Any claim against a party may be sev-
ered and proceeded with separately.
Rule 22. Interpleader
(1) Persons having claims against the plaintiff may be joined as
defendants and required to interplead when their claims are such
that the plaintiff is or may be exposed to double or multiple li-
ability. It is not ground for objection to the joinder that the
claims of the several claimants or the titles on which their claims
depend do not have a common origin or are not identical but are
adverse to and independent of one another, or that the plaintiff
avers that the plaintiff is not liable in whole or in part to any or
all of the claimants. A defendant exposed to similar liability may
obtain such interpleader by way of cross-claim or counterclaim.
The provisions of this rule supplement and do not in any way
limit the joinder of parties permitted in Rule 20.
(2) The remedy herein provided is in addition to and in no way
supersedes or limits the remedy provided by Title 28, U.S.C.,
§§ 1335, 1397, and 2361. Actions under those provisions shall be con-
ducted in accordance with these rules.
(As amended Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct. 20, 1949; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug.
1, 1987.)
Rule 23. Class Actions
(a) PREREQUISITES TO A CLASS ACTION. One or more members of
a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of
all only if (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members
is impracticable, (2) there are questions of law or fact common to
the class, (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties
are typical of the claims or defenses of the class, and (4) the rep-
resentative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests
of the class.
(b) CLASS ACTIONS MAINTAINABLE. An action may be maintained
as a class action if the prerequisites of subdivision (a) are sat-
isfied, and in addition:
(1) the prosecution of separate actions by or against individ-
ual members of the class would create a risk of
(A) inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to
individual members of the class which would establish in-
compatible standards of conduct for the party opposing
the class, or

25 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 23

(B) adjudications with respect to individual members of
the class which would as a practical matter be dispositive
of the interests of the other members not parties to the ad-
judications or substantially impair or impede their ability
to protect their interests; or
(2) the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act
on grounds generally applicable to the class, thereby making
appropriate final injunctive relief or corresponding declara-
tory relief with respect to the class as a whole; or
(3) the court finds that the questions of law or fact common
to the members of the class predominate over any questions
affecting only individual members, and that a class action is
superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient
adjudication of the controversy. The matters pertinent to the
findings include: (A) the interest of members of the class in in-
dividually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate
actions; (B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning
the controversy already commenced by or against members of
the class; (C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrat-
ing the litigation of the claims in the particular forum; (D)
the difficulties likely to be encountered in the management of
a class action.
(c) DETERMINATION BY ORDER WHETHER CLASS ACTION TO BE
MAINTAINED; NOTICE; JUDGMENT; ACTIONS CONDUCTED PARTIALLY
AS CLASS ACTIONS.
(1) As soon as practicable after the commencement of an ac-
tion brought as a class action, the court shall determine by
order whether it is to be so maintained. An order under this
subdivision may be conditional, and may be altered or amend-
ed before the decision on the merits.
(2) In any class action maintained under subdivision (b)(3),
the court shall direct to the members of the class the best no-
tice practicable under the circumstances, including individual
notice to all members who can be identified through reason-
able effort. The notice shall advise each member that (A) the
court will exclude the member from the class if the member
so requests by a specified date; (B) the judgment, whether fa-
vorable or not, will include all members who do not request
exclusion; and (C) any member who does not request exclusion
may, if the member desires, enter an appearance through
counsel.
(3) The judgment in an action maintained as a class action
under subdivision (b)(1) or (b)(2), whether or not favorable to
the class, shall include and describe those whom the court
finds to be members of the class. The judgment in an action
maintained as a class action under subdivision (b)(3), whether
or not favorable to the class, shall include and specify or de-
scribe those to whom the notice provided in subdivision (c)(2)
was directed, and who have not requested exclusion, and whom
the court finds to be members of the class.
(4) When appropriate (A) an action may be brought or main-
tained as a class action with respect to particular issues, or
(B) a class may be divided into subclasses and each subclass
treated as a class, and the provisions of this rule shall then be
construed and applied accordingly.

Rule 23.1 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 26

(d) ORDERS IN CONDUCT OF ACTIONS. In the conduct of actions to
which this rule applies, the court may make appropriate orders:
(1) determining the course of proceedings or prescribing measures
to prevent undue repetition or complication in the presentation of
evidence or argument; (2) requiring, for the protection of the
members of the class or otherwise for the fair conduct of the ac-
tion, that notice be given in such manner as the court may direct
to some or all of the members of any step in the action, or of the
proposed extent of the judgment, or of the opportunity of mem-
bers to signify whether they consider the representation fair and
adequate, to intervene and present claims or defenses, or other-
wise to come into the action; (3) imposing conditions on the rep-
resentative parties or on intervenors; (4) requiring that the plead-
ings be amended to eliminate therefrom allegations as to rep-
resentation of absent persons, and that the action proceed accord-
ingly; (5) dealing with similar procedural matters. The orders may
be combined with an order under Rule 16, and may be altered or
amended as may be desirable from time to time.
(e) DISMISSAL OR COMPROMISE. A class action shall not be dis-
missed or compromised without the approval of the court, and no-
tice of the proposed dismissal or compromise shall be given to all
members of the class in such manner as the court directs.
(f) APPEALS. A court of appeals may in its discretion permit an
appeal from an order of a district court granting or denying class
action certification under this rule if application is made to it
within ten days after entry of the order. An appeal does not stay
proceedings in the district court unless the district judge or the
court of appeals so orders.
(As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug.
1, 1987; Apr. 24, 1998, eff. Dec. 1, 1998.)
Rule 23.1. Derivative Actions by Shareholders
In a derivative action brought by one or more shareholders or
members to enforce a right of a corporation or of an unincor-
porated association, the corporation or association having failed
to enforce a right which may properly be asserted by it, the com-
plaint shall be verified and shall allege (1) that the plaintiff was
a shareholder or member at the time of the transaction of which
the plaintiff complains or that the plaintiff's share or membership
thereafter devolved on the plaintiff by operation of law, and (2)
that the action is not a collusive one to confer jurisdiction on a
court of the United States which it would not otherwise have. The
complaint shall also allege with particularity the efforts, if any,
made by the plaintiff to obtain the action the plaintiff desires
from the directors or comparable authority and, if necessary, from
the shareholders or members, and the reasons for the plaintiff's
failure to obtain the action or for not making the effort. The de-
rivative action may not be maintained if it appears that the plain-
tiff does not fairly and adequately represent the interests of the
shareholders or members similarly situated in enforcing the right
of the corporation or association. The action shall not be dis-
missed or compromised without the approval of the court, and no-
tice of the proposed dismissal or compromise shall be given to
shareholders or members in such manner as the court directs.

27 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 24

(As added Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; amended Mar. 2, 1987, eff.
Aug. 1, 1987.)
Rule 23.2. Actions Relating to Unincorporated Associations
An action brought by or against the members of an unincor-
porated association as a class by naming certain members as rep-
resentative parties may be maintained only if it appears that the
representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the inter-
ests of the association and its members. In the conduct of the ac-
tion the court may make appropriate orders corresponding with
those described in Rule 23(d), and the procedure for dismissal or
compromise of the action shall correspond with that provided in
Rule 23(e).
(As added Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966.)
Rule 24. Intervention
(a) INTERVENTION OF RIGHT. Upon timely application anyone
shall be permitted to intervene in an action: (1) when a statute of
the United States confers an unconditional right to intervene; or
(2) when the applicant claims an interest relating to the property
or transaction which is the subject of the action and the applicant
is so situated that the disposition of the action may as a practical
matter impair or impede the applicant's ability to protect that in-
terest, unless the applicant's interest is adequately represented by
existing parties.
(b) PERMISSIVE INTERVENTION. Upon timely application anyone
may be permitted to intervene in an action: (1) when a statute of
the United States confers a conditional right to intervene; or (2)
when an applicant's claim or defense and the main action have a
question of law or fact in common. When a party to an action re-
lies for ground of claim or defense upon any statute or executive
order administered by a federal or state governmental officer or
agency or upon any regulation, order, requirement, or agreement
issued or made pursuant to the statute or executive order, the of-
ficer or agency upon timely application may be permitted to in-
tervene in the action. In exercising its discretion the court shall
consider whether the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice
the adjudication of the rights of the original parties.
(c) PROCEDURE. A person desiring to intervene shall serve a mo-
tion to intervene upon the parties as provided in Rule 5. The mo-
tion shall state the grounds therefor and shall be accompanied by
a pleading setting forth the claim or defense for which interven-
tion is sought. The same procedure shall be followed when a stat-
ute of the United States gives a right to intervene. When the con-
stitutionality of an act of Congress affecting the public interest is
drawn in question in any action in which the United States or an
officer, agency, or employee thereof is not a party, the court shall
notify the Attorney General of the United States as provided in
Title 28, U.S.C., § 2403. When the constitutionality of any statute
of a State affecting the public interest is drawn in question in any
action in which that State or any agency, officer, or employee
thereof is not a party, the court shall notify the attorney general
of the State as provided in Title 28, U.S.C. § 2403. A party challeng-
ing the constitutionality of legislation should call the attention

Rule 25 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 28

of the court to its consequential duty, but failure to do so is not
a waiver of any constitutional right otherwise timely asserted.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct.
20, 1949; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966;
Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991.)
Rule 25. Substitution of Parties
(a) DEATH.
(1) If a party dies and the claim is not thereby extinguished,
the court may order substitution of the proper parties. The
motion for substitution may be made by any party or by the
successors or representatives of the deceased party and, to-
gether with the notice of hearing, shall be served on the par-
ties as provided in Rule 5 and upon persons not parties in the
manner provided in Rule 4 for the service of a summons, and
may be served in any judicial district. Unless the motion for
substitution is made not later than 90 days after the death is
suggested upon the record by service of a statement of the fact
of the death as provided herein for the service of the motion,
the action shall be dismissed as to the deceased party.
(2) In the event of the death of one or more of the plaintiffs
or of one or more of the defendants in an action in which the
right sought to be enforced survives only to the surviving
plaintiffs or only against the surviving defendants, the action
does not abate. The death shall be suggested upon the record
and the action shall proceed in favor of or against the surviv-
ing parties.
(b) INCOMPETENCY. If a party becomes incompetent, the court
upon motion served as provided in subdivision (a) of this rule may
allow the action to be continued by or against the party's rep-
resentative.
(c) TRANSFER OF INTEREST. In case of any transfer of interest,
the action may be continued by or against the original party, un-
less the court upon motion directs the person to whom the inter-
est is transferred to be substituted in the action or joined with the
original party. Service of the motion shall be made as provided in
subdivision (a) of this rule.
(d) PUBLIC OFFICERS; DEATH OR SEPARATION FROM OFFICE.
(1) When a public officer is a party to an action in his official
capacity and during its pendency dies, resigns, or otherwise
ceases to hold office, the action does not abate and the offi-
cer's successor is automatically substituted as a party. Pro-
ceedings following the substitution shall be in the name of the
substituted party, but any misnomer not affecting the sub-
stantial rights of the parties shall be disregarded. An order of
substitution may be entered at any time, but the omission to
enter such an order shall not affect the substitution.
(2) A public officer who sues or is sued in an official capacity
may be described as a party by the officer's official title rath-
er than by name; but the court may require the officer's name
to be added.
(As amended Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct. 20, 1949; Apr. 17, 1961, eff. July
19, 1961; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987.)

29 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 26

V. DEPOSITIONS AND DISCOVERY
Rule 26. General Provisions Governing Discovery; Duty of Disclo-
sure
(a) REQUIRED DISCLOSURES; METHODS TO DISCOVER ADDITIONAL
MATTER.
(1) Initial Disclosures. Except in categories of proceedings
specified in Rule 26(a)(1)(E), or to the extent otherwise stipu-
lated or directed by order, a party must, without awaiting a
discovery request, provide to other parties:
(A) the name and, if known, the address and telephone
number of each individual likely to have discoverable in-
formation that the disclosing party may use to support its
claims or defenses, unless solely for impeachment, identi-
fying the subjects of the information;
(B) a copy of, or a description by category and location
of, all documents, data compilations, and tangible things
that are in the possession, custody, or control of the party
and that the disclosing party may use to support its
claims or defenses, unless solely for impeachment;
(C) a computation of any category of damages claimed
by the disclosing party, making available for inspection
and copying as under Rule 34 the documents or other evi-
dentiary material, not privileged or protected from disclo-
sure, on which such computation is based, including mate-
rials bearing on the nature and extent of injuries suffered;
and
(D) for inspection and copying as under Rule 34 any in-
surance agreement under which any person carrying on an
insurance business may be liable to satisfy part or all of
a judgment which may be entered in the action or to in-
demnify or reimburse for payments made to satisfy the
judgment.
(E) The following categories of proceedings are exempt
from initial disclosure under Rule 26(a)(1):
(i) an action for review on an administrative record;
(ii) a petition for habeas corpus or other proceeding
to challenge a criminal conviction or sentence;
(iii) an action brought without counsel by a person in
custody of the United States, a state, or a state sub-
division;
(iv) an action to enforce or quash an administrative
summons or subpoena;
(v) an action by the United States to recover benefit
payments;
(vi) an action by the United States to collect on a
student loan guaranteed by the United States;
(vii) a proceeding ancillary to proceedings in other
courts; and
(viii) an action to enforce an arbitration award.
These disclosures must be made at or within 14 days after the
Rule 26(f) conference unless a different time is set by stipula-
tion or court order, or unless a party objects during the con-
ference that initial disclosures are not appropriate in the cir-
cumstances of the action and states the objection in the Rule

Rule 26 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 30

26(f) discovery plan. In ruling on the objection, the court must
determine what disclosures-if any-are to be made, and set
the time for disclosure. Any party first served or otherwise
joined after the Rule 26(f) conference must make these disclo-
sures within 30 days after being served or joined unless a dif-
ferent time is set by stipulation or court order. A party must
make its initial disclosures based on the information then rea-
sonably available to it and is not excused from making its dis-
closures because it has not fully completed its investigation of
the case or because it challenges the sufficiency of another
party's disclosures or because another party has not made its
disclosures.
(2) Disclosure of Expert Testimony.
(A) In addition to the disclosures required by paragraph
(1), a party shall disclose to other parties the identity of
any person who may be used at trial to present evidence
under Rules 702, 703, or 705 of the Federal Rules of Evi-
dence.
(B) Except as otherwise stipulated or directed by the
court, this disclosure shall, with respect to a witness who
is retained or specially employed to provide expert testi-
mony in the case or whose duties as an employee of the
party regularly involve giving expert testimony, be accom-
panied by a written report prepared and signed by the wit-
ness. The report shall contain a complete statement of all
opinions to be expressed and the basis and reasons there-
for; the data or other information considered by the wit-
ness in forming the opinions; any exhibits to be used as a
summary of or support for the opinions; the qualifications
of the witness, including a list of all publications authored
by the witness within the preceding ten years; the com-
pensation to be paid for the study and testimony; and a
listing of any other cases in which the witness has testi-
fied as an expert at trial or by deposition within the pre-
ceding four years.
(C) These disclosures shall be made at the times and in
the sequence directed by the court. In the absence of other
directions from the court or stipulation by the parties, the
disclosures shall be made at least 90 days before the trial
date or the date the case is to be ready for trial or, if the
evidence is intended solely to contradict or rebut evidence
on the same subject matter identified by another party
under paragraph (2)(B), within 30 days after the disclosure
made by the other party. The parties shall supplement
these disclosures when required under subdivision (e)(1).
(3) Pretrial Disclosures. In addition to the disclosures required
by Rule 26(a)(1) and (2), a party must provide to other parties
and promptly file with the court the following information re-
garding the evidence that it may present at trial other than
solely for impeachment:
(A) the name and, if not previously provided, the address
and telephone number of each witness, separately identify-
ing those whom the party expects to present and those
whom the party may call if the need arises;

31 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 26

(B) the designation of those witnesses whose testimony
is expected to be presented by means of a deposition and,
if not taken stenographically, a transcript of the pertinent
portions of the deposition testimony; and
(C) an appropriate identification of each document or
other exhibit, including summaries of other evidence, sep-
arately identifying those which the party expects to offer
and those which the party may offer if the need arises.
Unless otherwise directed by the court, these disclosures must
be made at least 30 days before trial. Within 14 days there-
after, unless a different time is specified by the court, a party
may serve and promptly file a list disclosing (i) any objections
to the use under Rule 32(a) of a deposition designated by an-
other party under Rule 26(a)(3)(B), and (ii) any objection, to-
gether with the grounds therefor, that may be made to the ad-
missibility of materials identified under Rule 26(a)(3)(C). Ob-
jections not so disclosed, other than objections under Rules
402 and 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, are waived unless
excused by the court for good cause.
(4) Form of Disclosures. Unless the court orders otherwise, all
disclosures under Rules 26(a)(1) through (3) must be made in
writing, signed, and served.
(5) Methods to Discover Additional Matter. Parties may obtain
discovery by one or more of the following methods: deposi-
tions upon oral examination or written questions; written in-
terrogatories; production of documents or things or permis-
sion to enter upon land or other property under Rule 34 or
45(a)(1)(C), for inspection and other purposes; physical and
mental examinations; and requests for admission.
(b) DISCOVERY SCOPE AND LIMITS. Unless otherwise limited by
order of the court in accordance with these rules, the scope of dis-
covery is as follows:
(1) In General. Parties may obtain discovery regarding any
matter, not privileged, that is relevant to the claim or defense
of any party, including the existence, description, nature, cus-
tody, condition, and location of any books, documents, or
other tangible things and the identity and location of persons
having knowledge of any discoverable matter. For good cause,
the court may order discovery of any matter relevant to the
subject matter involved in the action. Relevant information
need not be admissible at the trial if the discovery appears
reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible
evidence. All discovery is subject to the limitations imposed
by Rule 26(b)(2)(i), (ii), and (iii).
(2) Limitations. By order, the court may alter the limits in
these rules on the number of depositions and interrogatories
or the length of depositions under Rule 30. By order or local
rule, the court may also limit the number of requests under
Rule 36. The frequency or extent of use of the discovery meth-
ods otherwise permitted under these rules and by any local
rule shall be limited by the court if it determines that: (i) the
discovery sought is unreasonably cumulative or duplicative,
or is obtainable from some other source that is more conven-
ient, less burdensome, or less expensive; (ii) the party seeking
discovery has had ample opportunity by discovery in the ac-

Rule 26 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 32

tion to obtain the information sought; or (iii) the burden or
expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit,
taking into account the needs of the case, the amount in con-
troversy, the parties' resources, the importance of the issues
at stake in the litigation, and the importance of the proposed
discovery in resolving the issues. The court may act upon its
own initiative after reasonable notice or pursuant to a motion
under Rule 26(c).
(3) Trial Preparation: Materials. Subject to the provisions of
subdivision (b)(4) of this rule, a party may obtain discovery of
documents and tangible things otherwise discoverable under
subdivision (b)(1) of this rule and prepared in anticipation of
litigation or for trial by or for another party or by or for that
other party's representative (including the other party's at-
torney, consultant, surety, indemnitor, insurer, or agent) only
upon a showing that the party seeking discovery has substan-
tial need of the materials in the preparation of the party's
case and that the party is unable without undue hardship to
obtain the substantial equivalent of the materials by other
means. In ordering discovery of such materials when the re-
quired showing has been made, the court shall protect against
disclosure of the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or
legal theories of an attorney or other representative of a party
concerning the litigation.
A party may obtain without the required showing a state-
ment concerning the action or its subject matter previously
made by that party. Upon request, a person not a party may
obtain without the required showing a statement concerning
the action or its subject matter previously made by that per-
son. If the request is refused, the person may move for a court
order. The provisions of Rule 37(a)(4) apply to the award of ex-
penses incurred in relation to the motion. For purposes of this
paragraph, a statement previously made is (A) a written state-
ment signed or otherwise adopted or approved by the person
making it, or (B) a stenographic, mechanical, electrical, or
other recording, or a transcription thereof, which is a substan-
tially verbatim recital of an oral statement by the person
making it and contemporaneously recorded.
(4) Trial Preparation: Experts.
(A) A party may depose any person who has been identi-
fied as an expert whose opinions may be presented at trial.
If a report from the expert is required under subdivision
(a)(2)(B), the deposition shall not be conducted until after
the report is provided.
(B) A party may, through interrogatories or by deposi-
tion, discover facts known or opinions held by an expert
who has been retained or specially employed by another
party in anticipation of litigation or preparation for trial
and who is not expected to be called as a witness at trial
only as provided in Rule 35(b) or upon a showing of excep-
tional circumstances under which it is impracticable for
the party seeking discovery to obtain facts or opinions on
the same subject by other means.
(C) Unless manifest injustice would result, (i) the court
shall require that the party seeking discovery pay the ex-

33 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 26

pert a reasonable fee for time spent in responding to dis-
covery under this subdivision; and (ii) with respect to dis-
covery obtained under subdivision (b)(4)(B) of this rule the
court shall require the party seeking discovery to pay the
other party a fair portion of the fees and expenses reason-
ably incurred by the latter party in obtaining facts and
opinions from the expert.
(5) Claims of Privilege or Protection of Trial Preparation Mate-
rials. When a party withholds information otherwise discover-
able under these rules by claiming that it is privileged or sub-
ject to protection as trial preparation material, the party
shall make the claim expressly and shall describe the nature
of the documents, communications, or things not produced or
disclosed in a manner that, without revealing information it-
self privileged or protected, will enable other parties to assess
the applicability of the privilege or protection.
(c) PROTECTIVE ORDERS. Upon motion by a party or by the per-
son from whom discovery is sought, accompanied by a certifi-
cation that the movant has in good faith conferred or attempted
to confer with other affected parties in an effort to resolve the dis-
pute without court action, and for good cause shown, the court in
which the action is pending or alternatively, on matters relating
to a deposition, the court in the district where the deposition is
to be taken may make any order which justice requires to protect
a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or
undue burden or expense, including one or more of the following:
(1) that the disclosure or discovery not be had;
(2) that the disclosure or discovery may be had only on spec-
ified terms and conditions, including a designation of the time
or place;
(3) that the discovery may be had only by a method of dis-
covery other than that selected by the party seeking discov-
ery;
(4) that certain matters not be inquired into, or that the
scope of the disclosure or discovery be limited to certain mat-
ters;
(5) that discovery be conducted with no one present except
persons designated by the court;
(6) that a deposition, after being sealed, be opened only by
order of the court;
(7) that a trade secret or other confidential research, devel-
opment, or commercial information not be revealed or be re-
vealed only in a designated way; and
(8) that the parties simultaneously file specified documents
or information enclosed in sealed envelopes to be opened as di-
rected by the court.
If the motion for a protective order is denied in whole or in part,
the court may, on such terms and conditions as are just, order
that any party or other person provide or permit discovery. The
provisions of Rule 37(a)(4) apply to the award of expenses incurred
in relation to the motion.
(d) TIMING AND SEQUENCE OF DISCOVERY. Except in categories of
proceedings exempted from initial disclosure under Rule
26(a)(1)(E), or when authorized under these rules or by order or
agreement of the parties, a party may not seek discovery from

Rule 26 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 34

any source before the parties have conferred as required by Rule
26(f). Unless the court upon motion, for the convenience of parties
and witnesses and in the interests of justice, orders otherwise,
methods of discovery may be used in any sequence, and the fact
that a party is conducting discovery, whether by deposition or
otherwise, does not operate to delay any other party's discovery.
(e) SUPPLEMENTATION OF DISCLOSURES AND RESPONSES. A party
who has made a disclosure under subdivision (a) or responded to
a request for discovery with a disclosure or response is under a
duty to supplement or correct the disclosure or response to in-
clude information thereafter acquired if ordered by the court or in
the following circumstances:
(1) A party is under a duty to supplement at appropriate in-
tervals its disclosures under subdivision (a) if the party learns
that in some material respect the information disclosed is in-
complete or incorrect and if the additional or corrective infor-
mation has not otherwise been made known to the other par-
ties during the discovery process or in writing. With respect to
testimony of an expert from whom a report is required under
subdivision (a)(2)(B) the duty extends both to information con-
tained in the report and to information provided through a
deposition of the expert, and any additions or other changes to
this information shall be disclosed by the time the party's dis-
closures under Rule 26(a)(3) are due.
(2) A party is under a duty seasonably to amend a prior re-
sponse to an interrogatory, request for production, or request
for admission if the party learns that the response is in some
material respect incomplete or incorrect and if the additional
or corrective information has not otherwise been made known
to the other parties during the discovery process or in writing.
(f) CONFERENCE OF PARTIES; PLANNING FOR DISCOVERY. Except in
categories of proceedings exempted from initial disclosure under
Rule 26(a)(1)(E) or when otherwise ordered, the parties must, as
soon as practicable and in any event at least 21 days before a
scheduling conference is held or a scheduling order is due under
Rule 16(b), confer to consider the nature and basis of their claims
and defenses and the possibilities for a prompt settlement or reso-
lution of the case, to make or arrange for the disclosures required
by Rule 26(a)(1), and to develop a proposed discovery plan that in-
dicates the parties' views and proposals concerning:
(1) what changes should be made in the timing, form, or re-
quirement for disclosures under Rule 26(a), including a state-
ment as to when disclosures under Rule 26(a)(1) were made or
will be made;
(2) the subjects on which discovery may be needed, when dis-
covery should be completed, and whether discovery should be
conducted in phases or be limited to or focused upon particu-
lar issues;
(3) what changes should be made in the limitations on dis-
covery imposed under these rules or by local rule, and what
other limitations should be imposed; and
(4) any other orders that should be entered by the court
under Rule 26(c) or under Rule 16(b) and (c).
The attorneys of record and all unrepresented parties that have
appeared in the case are jointly responsible for arranging the con-

35 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 26

ference, for attempting in good faith to agree on the proposed dis-
covery plan, and for submitting to the court within 14 days after
the conference a written report outlining the plan. A court may
order that the parties or attorneys attend the conference in per-
son. If necessary to comply with its expedited schedule for Rule
16(b) conferences, a court may by local rule (i) require that the
conference between the parties occur fewer than 21 days before the
scheduling conference is held or a scheduling order is due under
Rule 16(b), and (ii) require that the written report outlining the
discovery plan be filed fewer than 14 days after the conference be-
tween the parties, or excuse the parties from submitting a written
report and permit them to report orally on their discovery plan at
the Rule 16(b) conference.
(g) SIGNING OF DISCLOSURES, DISCOVERY REQUESTS, RESPONSES,
AND OBJECTIONS.
(1) Every disclosure made pursuant to subdivision (a)(1) or
subdivision (a)(3) shall be signed by at least one attorney of
record in the attorney's individual name, whose address shall
be stated. An unrepresented party shall sign the disclosure and
state the party's address. The signature of the attorney or
party constitutes a certification that to the best of the sign-
er's knowledge, information, and belief, formed after a reason-
able inquiry, the disclosure is complete and correct as of the
time it is made.
(2) Every discovery request, response, or objection made by
a party represented by an attorney shall be signed by at least
one attorney of record in the attorney's individual name,
whose address shall be stated. An unrepresented party shall
sign the request, response, or objection and state the party's
address. The signature of the attorney or party constitutes a
certification that to the best of the signer's knowledge, infor-
mation, and belief, formed after a reasonable inquiry, the re-
quest, response, or objection is:
(A) consistent with these rules and warranted by exist-
ing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modi-
fication, or reversal of existing law;
(B) not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to
harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase
in the cost of litigation; and
(C) not unreasonable or unduly burdensome or expensive,
given the needs of the case, the discovery already had in
the case, the amount in controversy, and the importance
of the issues at stake in the litigation.
If a request, response, or objection is not signed, it shall be
stricken unless it is signed promptly after the omission is
called to the attention of the party making the request, re-
sponse, or objection, and a party shall not be obligated to take
any action with respect to it until it is signed.
(3) If without substantial justification a certification is
made in violation of the rule, the court, upon motion or upon
its own initiative, shall impose upon the person who made the
certification, the party on whose behalf the disclosure, re-
quest, response, or objection is made, or both, an appropriate
sanction, which may include an order to pay the amount of

Rule 27 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 36

the reasonable expenses incurred because of the violation, in-
cluding a reasonable attorney's fee.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July
1, 1963; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July 1, 1970;
Apr. 29, 1980, eff. Aug. 1, 1980; Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug. 1, 1983; Mar.
2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993; Apr. 17, 2000,
eff. Dec. 1, 2000.)
Rule 27. Depositions Before Action or Pending Appeal
(a) BEFORE ACTION.
(1) Petition. A person who desires to perpetuate testimony re-
garding any matter that may be cognizable in any court of the
United States may file a verified petition in the United States
district court in the district of the residence of any expected
adverse party. The petition shall be entitled in the name of
the petitioner and shall show: 1, that the petitioner expects to
be a party to an action cognizable in a court of the United
States but is presently unable to bring it or cause it to be
brought, 2, the subject matter of the expected action and the
petitioner's interest therein, 3, the facts which the petitioner
desires to establish by the proposed testimony and the reasons
for desiring to perpetuate it, 4, the names or a description of
the persons the petitioner expects will be adverse parties and
their addresses so far as known, and 5, the names and address-
es of the persons to be examined and the substance of the tes-
timony which the petitioner expects to elicit from each, and
shall ask for an order authorizing the petitioner to take the
depositions of the persons to be examined named in the peti-
tion, for the purpose of perpetuating their testimony.
(2) Notice and Service. The petitioner shall thereafter serve a
notice upon each person named in the petition as an expected
adverse party, together with a copy of the petition, stating
that the petitioner will apply to the court, at a time and place
named therein, for the order described in the petition. At least
20 days before the date of hearing the notice shall be served ei-
ther within or without the district or state in the manner pro-
vided in Rule 4(d) for service of summons; but if such service
cannot with due diligence be made upon any expected adverse
party named in the petition, the court may make such order
as is just for service by publication or otherwise, and shall ap-
point, for persons not served in the manner provided in Rule
4(d), an attorney who shall represent them, and, in case they
are not otherwise represented, shall cross-examine the depo-
nent. If any expected adverse party is a minor or incompetent
the provisions of Rule 17(c) apply.
(3) Order and Examination. If the court is satisfied that the
perpetuation of the testimony may prevent a failure or delay
of justice, it shall make an order designating or describing the
persons whose depositions may be taken and specifying the
subject matter of the examination and whether the deposi-
tions shall be taken upon oral examination or written inter-
rogatories. The depositions may then be taken in accordance
with these rules; and the court may make orders of the char-
acter provided for by Rules 34 and 35. For the purpose of apply-

37 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 28

ing these rules to depositions for perpetuating testimony, each
reference therein to the court in which the action is pending
shall be deemed to refer to the court in which the petition for
such deposition was filed.
(4) Use of Deposition. If a deposition to perpetuate testimony
is taken under these rules or if, although not so taken, it
would be admissible in evidence in the courts of the state in
which it is taken, it may be used in any action involving the
same subject matter subsequently brought in a United States
district court, in accordance with the provisions of Rule 32(a).
(b) PENDING APPEAL. If an appeal has been taken from a judg-
ment of a district court or before the taking of an appeal if the
time therefor has not expired, the district court in which the judg-
ment was rendered may allow the taking of the depositions of wit-
nesses to perpetuate their testimony for use in the event of fur-
ther proceedings in the district court. In such case the party who
desires to perpetuate the testimony may make a motion in the
district court for leave to take the depositions, upon the same no-
tice and service thereof as if the action was pending in the district
court. The motion shall show (1) the names and addresses of per-
sons to be examined and the substance of the testimony which the
party expects to elicit from each; (2) the reasons for perpetuating
their testimony. If the court finds that the perpetuation of the
testimony is proper to avoid a failure or delay of justice, it may
make an order allowing the depositions to be taken and may make
orders of the character provided for by Rules 34 and 35, and there-
upon the depositions may be taken and used in the same manner
and under the same conditions as are prescribed in these rules for
depositions taken in actions pending in the district court.
(c) PERPETUATION BY ACTION. This rule does not limit the power
of a court to entertain an action to perpetuate testimony.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct.
20, 1949; Mar. 1, 1971, eff. July 1, 1971; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987.)
Rule 28. Persons Before Whom Depositions May Be Taken
(a) WITHIN THE UNITED STATES. Within the United States or
within a territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction
of the United States, depositions shall be taken before an officer
authorized to administer oaths by the laws of the United States
or of the place where the examination is held, or before a person
appointed by the court in which the action is pending. A person
so appointed has power to administer oaths and take testimony.
The term officer as used in Rules 30, 31 and 32 includes a person
appointed by the court or designated by the parties under Rule 29.
(b) IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Depositions may be taken in a foreign
country (1) pursuant to any applicable treaty or convention, or (2)
pursuant to a letter of request (whether or not captioned a letter
rogatory), or (3) on notice before a person authorized to admin-
ister oaths in the place where the examination is held, either by
the law thereof or by the law of the United States, or (4) before
a person commissioned by the court, and a person so commis-
sioned shall have the power by virtue of the commission to admin-
ister any necessary oath and take testimony. A commission or a
letter of request shall be issued on application and notice and on

Rule 29 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 38

terms that are just and appropriate. It is not requisite to the issu-
ance of a commission or a letter of request that the taking of the
deposition in any other manner is impracticable or inconvenient;
and both a commission and a letter of request may be issued in
proper cases. A notice or commission may designate the person
before whom the deposition is to be taken either by name or de-
scriptive title. A letter of request may be addressed ``To the Ap-
propriate Authority in [here name the country].'' When a letter of
request or any other device is used pursuant to any applicable
treaty or convention, it shall be captioned in the form prescribed
by that treaty or convention. Evidence obtained in response to a
letter of request need not be excluded merely because it is not a
verbatim transcript, because the testimony was not taken under
oath, or because of any similar departure from the requirements
for depositions taken within the United States under these rules.
(c) DISQUALIFICATION FOR INTEREST. No deposition shall be taken
before a person who is a relative or employee or attorney or coun-
sel of any of the parties, or is a relative or employee of such attor-
ney or counsel, or is financially interested in the action.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July
1, 1963; Apr. 29, 1980, eff. Aug. 1, 1980; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987;
Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Rule 29. Stipulations Regarding Discovery Procedure
Unless otherwise directed by the court, the parties may by writ-
ten stipulation (1) provide that depositions may be taken before
any person, at any time or place, upon any notice, and in any
manner and when so taken may be used like other depositions,
and (2) modify other procedures governing or limitations placed
upon discovery, except that stipulations extending the time pro-
vided in Rules 33, 34, and 36 for responses to discovery may, if they
would interfere with any time set for completion of discovery, for
hearing of a motion, or for trial, be made only with the approval
of the court.
(As amended Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July 1, 1970; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec.
1, 1993.)
Rule 30. Depositions Upon Oral Examination
(a) WHEN DEPOSITIONS MAY BE TAKEN; WHEN LEAVE REQUIRED.
(1) A party may take the testimony of any person, including
a party, by deposition upon oral examination without leave of
court except as provided in paragraph (2). The attendance of
witnesses may be compelled by subpoena as provided in Rule
45.(2) A party must obtain leave of court, which shall be grant-
ed to the extent consistent with the principles stated in Rule
26(b)(2), if the person to be examined is confined in prison or
if, without the written stipulation of the parties,
(A) a proposed deposition would result in more than ten
depositions being taken under this rule or Rule 31 by the
plaintiffs, or by the defendants, or by third-party defend-
ants;
(B) the person to be examined already has been deposed
in the case; or

39 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 30

(C) a party seeks to take a deposition before the time
specified in Rule 26(d) unless the notice contains a certifi-
cation, with supporting facts, that the person to be exam-
ined is expected to leave the United States and be unavail-
able for examination in this country unless deposed before
that time.
(b) NOTICE OF EXAMINATION: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS; METHOD OF
RECORDING; PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS AND THINGS; DEPOSITION OF
ORGANIZATION; DEPOSITION BY TELEPHONE.
(1) A party desiring to take the deposition of any person
upon oral examination shall give reasonable notice in writing
to every other party to the action. The notice shall state the
time and place for taking the deposition and the name and ad-
dress of each person to be examined, if known, and, if the
name is not known, a general description sufficient to identify
the person or the particular class or group to which the person
belongs. If a subpoena duces tecum is to be served on the per-
son to be examined, the designation of the materials to be pro-
duced as set forth in the subpoena shall be attached to, or in-
cluded in, the notice.
(2) The party taking the deposition shall state in the notice
the method by which the testimony shall be recorded. Unless
the court orders otherwise, it may be recorded by sound,
sound-and-visual, or stenographic means, and the party taking
the deposition shall bear the cost of the recording. Any party
may arrange for a transcription to be made from the recording
of a deposition taken by nonstenographic means.
(3) With prior notice to the deponent and other parties, any
party may designate another method to record the deponent's
testimony in addition to the method specified by the person
taking the deposition. The additional record or transcript
shall be made at that party's expense unless the court other-
wise orders.
(4) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, a deposition shall
be conducted before an officer appointed or designated under
Rule 28 and shall begin with a statement on the record by the
officer that includes (A) the officer's name and business ad-
dress; (B) the date, time, and place of the deposition; (C) the
name of the deponent; (D) the administration of the oath or
affirmation to the deponent; and (E) an identification of all
persons present. If the deposition is recorded other than steno-
graphically, the officer shall repeat items (A) through (C) at
the beginning of each unit of recorded tape or other recording
medium. The appearance or demeanor of deponents or attor-
neys shall not be distorted through camera or sound-recording
techniques. At the end of the deposition, the officer shall state
on the record that the deposition is complete and shall set
forth any stipulations made by counsel concerning the cus-
tody of the transcript or recording and the exhibits, or con-
cerning other pertinent matters.
(5) The notice to a party deponent may be accompanied by
a request made in compliance with Rule 34 for the production
of documents and tangible things at the taking of the deposi-
tion. The procedure of Rule 34 shall apply to the request.

Rule 30 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 40

(6) A party may in the party's notice and in a subpoena
name as the deponent a public or private corporation or a
partnership or association or governmental agency and de-
scribe with reasonable particularity the matters on which ex-
amination is requested. In that event, the organization so
named shall designate one or more officers, directors, or man-
aging agents, or other persons who consent to testify on its be-
half, and may set forth, for each person designated, the mat-
ters on which the person will testify. A subpoena shall advise
a non-party organization of its duty to make such a designa-
tion. The persons so designated shall testify as to matters
known or reasonably available to the organization. This sub-
division (b)(6) does not preclude taking a deposition by any
other procedure authorized in these rules.
(7) The parties may stipulate in writing or the court may
upon motion order that a deposition be taken by telephone or
other remote electronic means. For the purposes of this rule
and Rules 28(a), 37(a)(1), and 37(b)(1), a deposition taken by
such means is taken in the district and at the place where the
deponent is to answer questions.
(c) EXAMINATION AND CROSS-EXAMINATION; RECORD OF EXAMINA-
TION; OATH; OBJECTIONS. Examination and cross-examination of
witnesses may proceed as permitted at the trial under the provi-
sions of the Federal Rules of Evidence except Rules 103 and 615.
The officer before whom the deposition is to be taken shall put the
witness on oath or affirmation and shall personally, or by some-
one acting under the officer's direction and in the officer's pres-
ence, record the testimony of the witness. The testimony shall be
taken stenographically or recorded by any other method author-
ized by subdivision (b)(2) of this rule. All objections made at the
time of the examination to the qualifications of the officer taking
the deposition, to the manner of taking it, to the evidence pre-
sented, to the conduct of any party, or to any other aspect of the
proceedings shall be noted by the officer upon the record of the
deposition; but the examination shall proceed, with the testimony
being taken subject to the objections. In lieu of participating in
the oral examination, parties may serve written questions in a
sealed envelope on the party taking the deposition and the party
taking the deposition shall transmit them to the officer, who shall
propound them to the witness and record the answers verbatim.
(d) SCHEDULE AND DURATION; MOTION TO TERMINATE OR LIMIT EX-
AMINATION.
(1) Any objection during a deposition must be stated con-
cisely and in a non-argumentative and non-suggestive manner.
A person may instruct a deponent not to answer only when
necessary to preserve a privilege, to enforce a limitation di-
rected by the court, or to present a motion under Rule 30(d)(4).
(2) Unless otherwise authorized by the court or stipulated by
the parties, a deposition is limited to one day of seven hours.
The court must allow additional time consistent with Rule
26(b)(2) if needed for a fair examination of the deponent or if
the deponent or another person, or other circumstance, im-
pedes or delays the examination.
(3) If the court finds that any impediment, delay, or other
conduct has frustrated the fair examination of the deponent,

41 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 30

it may impose upon the persons responsible an appropriate
sanction, including the reasonable costs and attorney's fees
incurred by any parties as a result thereof.
(4) At any time during a deposition, on motion of a party or
of the deponent and upon a showing that the examination is
being conducted in bad faith or in such manner as unreason-
ably to annoy, embarrass, or oppress the deponent or party,
the court in which the action is pending or the court in the
district where the deposition is being taken may order the of-
ficer conducting the examination to cease forthwith from tak-
ing the deposition, or may limit the scope and manner of the
taking of the deposition as provided in Rule 26(c). If the order
made terminates the examination, it may be resumed there-
after only upon the order of the court in which the action is
pending. Upon demand of the objecting party or deponent, the
taking of the deposition must be suspended for the time nec-
essary to make a motion for an order. The provisions of Rule
37(a)(4) apply to the award of expenses incurred in relation to
the motion.
(e) REVIEW BY WITNESS; CHANGES; SIGNING. If requested by the
deponent or a party before completion of the deposition, the depo-
nent shall have 30 days after being notified by the officer that the
transcript or recording is available in which to review the tran-
script or recording and, if there are changes in form or substance,
to sign a statement reciting such changes and the reasons given
by the deponent for making them. The officer shall indicate in the
certificate prescribed by subdivision (f)(1) whether any review was
requested and, if so, shall append any changes made by the depo-
nent during the period allowed.
(f) CERTIFICATION AND DELIVERY BY OFFICER; EXHIBITS; COPIES.
(1) The officer must certify that the witness was duly sworn
by the officer and that the deposition is a true record of the
testimony given by the witness. This certificate must be in
writing and accompany the record of the deposition. Unless
otherwise ordered by the court, the officer must securely seal
the deposition in an envelope or package indorsed with the
title of the action and marked ``Deposition of [here insert
name of witness]'' and must promptly send it to the attorney
who arranged for the transcript or recording, who must store
it under conditions that will protect it against loss, destruc-
tion, tampering, or deterioration. Documents and things pro-
duced for inspection during the examination of the witness,
must, upon the request of a party, be marked for identifica-
tion and annexed to the deposition and may be inspected and
copied by any party, except that if the person producing the
materials desires to retain them the person may (A) offer cop-
ies to be marked for identification and annexed to the deposi-
tion and to serve thereafter as originals if the person affords
to all parties fair opportunity to verify the copies by compari-
son with the originals, or (B) offer the originals to be marked
for identification, after giving to each party an opportunity to
inspect and copy them, in which event the materials may then
be used in the same manner as if annexed to the deposition.
Any party may move for an order that the original be annexed

Rule 31 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 42

to and returned with the deposition to the court, pending final
disposition of the case.
(2) Unless otherwise ordered by the court or agreed by the
parties, the officer shall retain stenographic notes of any dep-
osition taken stenographically or a copy of the recording of
any deposition taken by another method. Upon payment of
reasonable charges therefor, the officer shall furnish a copy of
the transcript or other recording of the deposition to any
party or to the deponent.
(3) The party taking the deposition shall give prompt notice
of its filing to all other parties.
(g) FAILURE TO ATTEND OR TO SERVE SUBPOENA; EXPENSES.
(1) If the party giving the notice of the taking of a deposi-
tion fails to attend and proceed therewith and another party
attends in person or by attorney pursuant to the notice, the
court may order the party giving the notice to pay to such
other party the reasonable expenses incurred by that party
and that party's attorney in attending, including reasonable
attorney's fees.
(2) If the party giving the notice of the taking of a deposi-
tion of a witness fails to serve a subpoena upon the witness
and the witness because of such failure does not attend, and if
another party attends in person or by attorney because that
party expects the deposition of that witness to be taken, the
court may order the party giving the notice to pay to such
other party the reasonable expenses incurred by that party
and that party's attorney in attending, including reasonable
attorney's fees.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963; Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July
1, 1970; Mar. 1, 1971, eff. July 1, 1971; Nov. 20, 1972, eff. July 1, 1975;
Apr. 29, 1980, eff. Aug. 1, 1980; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr.
22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993; Apr. 17, 2000, eff. Dec. 1, 2000.)
Rule 31. Depositions Upon Written Questions
(a) SERVING QUESTIONS; NOTICE.
(1) A party may take the testimony of any person, including
a party, by deposition upon written questions without leave of
court except as provided in paragraph (2). The attendance of
witnesses may be compelled by the use of subpoena as pro-
vided in Rule 45.
(2) A party must obtain leave of court, which shall be grant-
ed to the extent consistent with the principles stated in Rule
26(b)(2), if the person to be examined is confined in prison or
if, without the written stipulation of the parties,
(A) a proposed deposition would result in more than ten
depositions being taken under this rule or Rule 30 by the
plaintiffs, or by the defendants, or by third-party defend-
ants;
(B) the person to be examined has already been deposed
in the case; or
(C) a party seeks to take a deposition before the time
specified in Rule 26(d).
(3) A party desiring to take a deposition upon written ques-
tions shall serve them upon every other party with a notice

43 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 32

stating (1) the name and address of the person who is to an-
swer them, if known, and if the name is not known, a general
description sufficient to identify the person or the particular
class or group to which the person belongs, and (2) the name
or descriptive title and address of the officer before whom the
deposition is to be taken. A deposition upon written questions
may be taken of a public or private corporation or a partner-
ship or association or governmental agency in accordance
with the provisions of Rule 30(b)(6).
(4) Within 14 days after the notice and written questions are
served, a party may serve cross questions upon all other par-
ties. Within 7 days after being served with cross questions, a
party may serve redirect questions upon all other parties.
Within 7 days after being served with redirect questions, a
party may serve recross questions upon all other parties. The
court may for cause shown enlarge or shorten the time.
(b) OFFICER TO TAKE RESPONSES AND PREPARE RECORD. A copy of
the notice and copies of all questions served shall be delivered by
the party taking the deposition to the officer designated in the
notice, who shall proceed promptly, in the manner provided by
Rule 30(c), (e), and (f), to take the testimony of the witness in re-
sponse to the questions and to prepare, certify, and file or mail
the deposition, attaching thereto the copy of the notice and the
questions received by the officer.
(c) NOTICE OF FILING. When the deposition is filed the party tak-
ing it shall promptly give notice thereof to all other parties.
(As amended Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July 1, 1970; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug.
1, 1987; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Rule 32. Use of Depositions in Court Proceedings
(a) USE OF DEPOSITIONS. At the trial or upon the hearing of a
motion or an interlocutory proceeding, any part or all of a deposi-
tion, so far as admissible under the rules of evidence applied as
though the witness were then present and testifying, may be used
against any party who was present or represented at the taking of
the deposition or who had reasonable notice thereof, in accordance
with any of the following provisions:
(1) Any deposition may be used by any party for the purpose
of contradicting or impeaching the testimony of deponent as
a witness, or for any other purpose permitted by the Federal
Rules of Evidence.
(2) The deposition of a party or of anyone who at the time
of taking the deposition was an officer, director, or managing
agent, or a person designated under Rule 30(b)(6) or 31(a) to
testify on behalf of a public or private corporation, partner-
ship or association or governmental agency which is a party
may be used by an adverse party for any purpose.
(3) The deposition of a witness, whether or not a party, may
be used by any party for any purpose if the court finds:
(A) that the witness is dead; or
(B) that the witness is at a greater distance than 100
miles from the place of trial or hearing, or is out of the
United States, unless it appears that the absence of the
witness was procured by the party offering the deposition;
or

Rule 32 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 44

(C) that the witness is unable to attend or testify be-
cause of age, illness, infirmity, or imprisonment; or
(D) that the party offering the deposition has been un-
able to procure the attendance of the witness by subpoena;
or(E) upon application and notice, that such exceptional
circumstances exist as to make it desirable, in the interest
of justice and with due regard to the importance of pre-
senting the testimony of witnesses orally in open court, to
allow the deposition to be used.
A deposition taken without leave of court pursuant to a notice
under Rule 30(a)(2)(C) shall not be used against a party who
demonstrates that, when served with the notice, it was unable
through the exercise of diligence to obtain counsel to rep-
resent it at the taking of the deposition; nor shall a deposition
be used against a party who, having received less than 11 days
notice of a deposition, has promptly upon receiving such no-
tice filed a motion for a protective order under Rule 26(c)(2) re-
questing that the deposition not be held or be held at a dif-
ferent time or place and such motion is pending at the time
the deposition is held.
(4) If only part of a deposition is offered in evidence by a
party, an adverse party may require the offeror to introduce
any other part which ought in fairness to be considered with
the part introduced, and any party may introduce any other
parts.
Substitution of parties pursuant to Rule 25 does not affect
the right to use depositions previously taken; and, when an ac-
tion has been brought in any court of the United States or of
any State and another action involving the same subject mat-
ter is afterward brought between the same parties or their rep-
resentatives or successors in interest, all depositions lawfully
taken and duly filed in the former action may be used in the
latter as if originally taken therefor. A deposition previously
taken may also be used as permitted by the Federal Rules of
Evidence.
(b) OBJECTIONS TO ADMISSIBILITY. Subject to the provisions of
Rule 28(b) and subdivision (d)(3) of this rule, objection may be
made at the trial or hearing to receiving in evidence any deposi-
tion or part thereof for any reason which would require the exclu-
sion of the evidence if the witness were then present and testify-
ing.
(c) FORM OF PRESENTATION. Except as otherwise directed by the
court, a party offering deposition testimony pursuant to this rule
may offer it in stenographic or nonstenographic form, but, if in
nonstenographic form, the party shall also provide the court with
a transcript of the portions so offered. On request of any party in
a case tried before a jury, deposition testimony offered other than
for impeachment purposes shall be presented in nonstenographic
form, if available, unless the court for good cause orders other-
wise.
(d) EFFECT OF ERRORS AND IRREGULARITIES IN DEPOSITIONS.
(1) As to Notice. All errors and irregularities in the notice for
taking a deposition are waived unless written objection is
promptly served upon the party giving the notice.

45 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 33

(2) As to Disqualification of Officer. Objection to taking a dep-
osition because of disqualification of the officer before whom
it is to be taken is waived unless made before the taking of the
deposition begins or as soon thereafter as the disqualification
becomes known or could be discovered with reasonable dili-
gence.
(3) As to Taking of Deposition.
(A) Objections to the competency of a witness or to the
competency, relevancy, or materiality of testimony are
not waived by failure to make them before or during the
taking of the deposition, unless the ground of the objec-
tion is one which might have been obviated or removed if
presented at that time.
(B) Errors and irregularities occurring at the oral exam-
ination in the manner of taking the deposition, in the
form of the questions or answers, in the oath or affirma-
tion, or in the conduct of parties, and errors of any kind
which might be obviated, removed, or cured if promptly
presented, are waived unless seasonable objection thereto
is made at the taking of the deposition.
(C) Objections to the form of written questions submit-
ted under Rule 31 are waived unless served in writing upon
the party propounding them within the time allowed for
serving the succeeding cross or other questions and within
5 days after service of the last questions authorized.
(4) As to Completion and Return of Deposition. Errors and
irregularities in the manner in which the testimony is tran-
scribed or the deposition is prepared, signed, certified, sealed,
indorsed, transmitted, filed, or otherwise dealt with by the of-
ficer under Rules 30 and 31 are waived unless a motion to sup-
press the deposition or some part thereof is made with reason-
able promptness after such defect is, or with due diligence
might have been, ascertained.
(As amended Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July 1, 1970; Nov. 20, 1972, eff. July
1, 1975; Apr. 29, 1980, eff. Aug. 1, 1980; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987;
Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Rule 33. Interrogatories to Parties
(a) AVAILABILITY. Without leave of court or written stipulation,
any party may serve upon any other party written interrog-
atories, not exceeding 25 in number including all discrete sub-
parts, to be answered by the party served or, if the party served
is a public or private corporation or a partnership or association
or governmental agency, by any officer or agent, who shall furnish
such information as is available to the party. Leave to serve addi-
tional interrogatories shall be granted to the extent consistent
with the principles of Rule 26(b)(2). Without leave of court or writ-
ten stipulation, interrogatories may not be served before the time
specified in Rule 26(d).
(b) ANSWERS AND OBJECTIONS.
(1) Each interrogatory shall be answered separately and
fully in writing under oath, unless it is objected to, in which
event the objecting party shall state the reasons for objection
and shall answer to the extent the interrogatory is not objec-
tionable.

Rule 34 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 46

(2) The answers are to be signed by the person making them,
and the objections signed by the attorney making them.
(3) The party upon whom the interrogatories have been
served shall serve a copy of the answers, and objections if any,
within 30 days after the service of the interrogatories. A short-
er or longer time may be directed by the court or, in the ab-
sence of such an order, agreed to in writing by the parties sub-
ject to Rule 29.
(4) All grounds for an objection to an interrogatory shall be
stated with specificity. Any ground not stated in a timely ob-
jection is waived unless the party's failure to object is excused
by the court for good cause shown.
(5) The party submitting the interrogatories may move for
an order under Rule 37(a) with respect to any objection to or
other failure to answer an interrogatory.
(c) SCOPE; USE AT TRIAL. Interrogatories may relate to any mat-
ters which can be inquired into under Rule 26(b)(1), and the an-
swers may be used to the extent permitted by the rules of evi-
dence.
An interrogatory otherwise proper is not necessarily objection-
able merely because an answer to the interrogatory involves an
opinion or contention that relates to fact or the application of law
to fact, but the court may order that such an interrogatory need
not be answered until after designated discovery has been com-
pleted or until a pre-trial conference or other later time.
(d) OPTION TO PRODUCE BUSINESS RECORDS. Where the answer to
an interrogatory may be derived or ascertained from the business
records of the party upon whom the interrogatory has been served
or from an examination, audit or inspection of such business
records, including a compilation, abstract or summary thereof,
and the burden of deriving or ascertaining the answer is substan-
tially the same for the party serving the interrogatory as for the
party served, it is a sufficient answer to such interrogatory to
specify the records from which the answer may be derived or as-
certained and to afford to the party serving the interrogatory rea-
sonable opportunity to examine, audit or inspect such records and
to make copies, compilations, abstracts or summaries. A speci-
fication shall be in sufficient detail to permit the interrogating
party to locate and to identify, as readily as can the party served,
the records from which the answer may be ascertained.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July
1, 1970; Apr. 29, 1980, eff. Aug. 1, 1980; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Rule 34. Production of Documents and Things and Entry Upon
Land for Inspection and Other Purposes
(a) SCOPE. Any party may serve on any other party a request (1)
to produce and permit the party making the request, or someone
acting on the requestor's behalf, to inspect and copy, any des-
ignated documents (including writings, drawings, graphs, charts,
photographs, phonorecords, and other data compilations from
which information can be obtained, translated, if necessary, by
the respondent through detection devices into reasonably usable
form), or to inspect and copy, test, or sample any tangible things
which constitute or contain matters within the scope of Rule 26(b)

47 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 35

and which are in the possession, custody or control of the party
upon whom the request is served; or (2) to permit entry upon des-
ignated land or other property in the possession or control of the
party upon whom the request is served for the purpose of inspec-
tion and measuring, surveying, photographing, testing, or sam-
pling the property or any designated object or operation thereon,
within the scope of Rule 26(b).
(b) PROCEDURE. The request shall set forth, either by individual
item or by category, the items to be inspected, and describe each
with reasonable particularity. The request shall specify a reason-
able time, place, and manner of making the inspection and per-
forming the related acts. Without leave of court or written stipu-
lation, a request may not be served before the time specified in
Rule 26(d).
The party upon whom the request is served shall serve a written
response within 30 days after the service of the request. A shorter
or longer time may be directed by the court or, in the absence of
such an order, agreed to in writing by the parties, subject to Rule
29. The response shall state, with respect to each item or category,
that inspection and related activities will be permitted as re-
quested, unless the request is objected to, in which event the rea-
sons for the objection shall be stated. If objection is made to part
of an item or category, the part shall be specified and inspection
permitted of the remaining parts. The party submitting the re-
quest may move for an order under Rule 37(a) with respect to any
objection to or other failure to respond to the request or any part
thereof, or any failure to permit inspection as requested.
A party who produces documents for inspection shall produce
them as they are kept in the usual course of business or shall or-
ganize and label them to correspond with the categories in the re-
quest.
(c) PERSONS NOT PARTIES. A person not a party to the action
may be compelled to produce documents and things or to submit
to an inspection as provided in Rule 45.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July
1, 1970; Apr. 29, 1980, eff. Aug. 1, 1980; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987;
Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Rule 35. Physical and Mental Examinations of Persons
(a) ORDER FOR EXAMINATION. When the mental or physical condi-
tion (including the blood group) of a party or of a person in the
custody or under the legal control of a party, is in controversy,
the court in which the action is pending may order the party to
submit to a physical or mental examination by a suitably licensed
or certified examiner or to produce for examination the person in
the party's custody or legal control. The order may be made only
on motion for good cause shown and upon notice to the person to
be examined and to all parties and shall specify the time, place,
manner, conditions, and scope of the examination and the person
or persons by whom it is to be made.
(b) REPORT OF EXAMINER.
(1) If requested by the party against whom an order is made
under Rule 35(a) or the person examined, the party causing the
examination to be made shall deliver to the requesting party

Rule 36 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 48

a copy of the detailed written report of the examiner setting
out the examiner's findings, including results of all tests
made, diagnoses and conclusions, together with like reports of
all earlier examinations of the same condition. After delivery
the party causing the examination shall be entitled upon re-
quest to receive from the party against whom the order is
made a like report of any examination, previously or there-
after made, of the same condition, unless, in the case of a re-
port of examination of a person not a party, the party shows
that the party is unable to obtain it. The court on motion may
make an order against a party requiring delivery of a report
on such terms as are just, and if an examiner fails or refuses
to make a report the court may exclude the examiner's testi-
mony if offered at trial.
(2) By requesting and obtaining a report of the examination
so ordered or by taking the deposition of the examiner, the
party examined waives any privilege the party may have in
that action or any other involving the same controversy, re-
garding the testimony of every other person who has examined
or may thereafter examine the party in respect of the same
mental or physical condition.
(3) This subdivision applies to examinations made by agree-
ment of the parties, unless the agreement expressly provides
otherwise. This subdivision does not preclude discovery of a
report of an examiner or the taking of a deposition of the ex-
aminer in accordance with the provisions of any other rule.
(As amended Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July 1, 1970; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug.
1, 1987; Nov. 18, 1988; Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991.)
Rule 36. Requests for Admission
(a) REQUEST FOR ADMISSION. A party may serve upon any other
party a written request for the admission, for purposes of the
pending action only, of the truth of any matters within the scope
of Rule 26(b)(1) set forth in the request that relate to statements
or opinions of fact or of the application of law to fact, including
the genuineness of any documents described in the request. Copies
of documents shall be served with the request unless they have
been or are otherwise furnished or made available for inspection
and copying. Without leave of court or written stipulation, re-
quests for admission may not be served before the time specified
in Rule 26(d).
Each matter of which an admission is requested shall be sepa-
rately set forth. The matter is admitted unless, within 30 days
after service of the request, or within such shorter or longer time
as the court may allow or as the parties may agree to in writing,
subject to Rule 29, the party to whom the request is directed
serves upon the party requesting the admission a written answer
or objection addressed to the matter, signed by the party or by the
party's attorney. If objection is made, the reasons therefor shall
be stated. The answer shall specifically deny the matter or set
forth in detail the reasons why the answering party cannot truth-
fully admit or deny the matter. A denial shall fairly meet the sub-
stance of the requested admission, and when good faith requires
that a party qualify an answer or deny only a part of the matter

49 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 37

of which an admission is requested, the party shall specify so
much of it as is true and qualify or deny the remainder. An an-
swering party may not give lack of information or knowledge as
a reason for failure to admit or deny unless the party states that
the party has made reasonable inquiry and that the information
known or readily obtainable by the party is insufficient to enable
the party to admit or deny. A party who considers that a matter
of which an admission has been requested presents a genuine issue
for trial may not, on that ground alone, object to the request; the
party may, subject to the provisions of Rule 37(c), deny the matter
or set forth reasons why the party cannot admit or deny it.
The party who has requested the admissions may move to deter-
mine the sufficiency of the answers or objections. Unless the court
determines that an objection is justified, it shall order that an an-
swer be served. If the court determines that an answer does not
comply with the requirements of this rule, it may order either
that the matter is admitted or that an amended answer be served.
The court may, in lieu of these orders, determine that final dis-
position of the request be made at a pre-trial conference or at a
designated time prior to trial. The provisions of Rule 37(a)(4)
apply to the award of expenses incurred in relation to the motion.
(b) EFFECT OF ADMISSION. Any matter admitted under this rule
is conclusively established unless the court on motion permits
withdrawal or amendment of the admission. Subject to the provi-
sion of Rule 16 governing amendment of a pre-trial order, the
court may permit withdrawal or amendment when the presen-
tation of the merits of the action will be subserved thereby and
the party who obtained the admission fails to satisfy the court
that withdrawal or amendment will prejudice that party in main-
taining the action or defense on the merits. Any admission made
by a party under this rule is for the purpose of the pending action
only and is not an admission for any other purpose nor may it be
used against the party in any other proceeding.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July
1, 1970; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Rule 37. Failure to Make Disclosure or Cooperate in Discovery;
Sanctions
(a) MOTION FOR ORDER COMPELLING DISCLOSURE OR DISCOVERY. A
party, upon reasonable notice to other parties and all persons af-
fected thereby, may apply for an order compelling disclosure or
discovery as follows:
(1) Appropriate Court. An application for an order to a party
shall be made to the court in which the action is pending. An
application for an order to a person who is not a party shall
be made to the court in the district where the discovery is
being, or is to be, taken.
(2) Motion.
(A) If a party fails to make a disclosure required by Rule
26(a), any other party may move to compel disclosure and
for appropriate sanctions. The motion must include a cer-
tification that the movant has in good faith conferred or
attempted to confer with the party not making the disclo-
sure in an effort to secure the disclosure without court ac-
tion.

Rule 37 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 50

(B) If a deponent fails to answer a question propounded
or submitted under Rules 30 or 31, or a corporation or
other entity fails to make a designation under Rule
30(b)(6) or 31(a), or a party fails to answer an interrogatory
submitted under Rule 33, or if a party, in response to a re-
quest for inspection submitted under Rule 34, fails to re-
spond that inspection will be permitted as requested or
fails to permit inspection as requested, the discovering
party may move for an order compelling an answer, or a
designation, or an order compelling inspection in accord-
ance with the request. The motion must include a certifi-
cation that the movant has in good faith conferred or at-
tempted to confer with the person or party failing to make
the discovery in an effort to secure the information or ma-
terial without court action. When taking a deposition on
oral examination, the proponent of the question may com-
plete or adjourn the examination before applying for an
order.
(3) Evasive or Incomplete Disclosure, Answer, or Response. For
purposes of this subdivision an evasive or incomplete disclo-
sure, answer, or response is to be treated as a failure to dis-
close, answer, or respond.
(4) Expenses and Sanctions.
(A) If the motion is granted or if the disclosure or re-
quested discovery is provided after the motion was filed,
the court shall, after affording an opportunity to be heard,
require the party or deponent whose conduct necessitated
the motion or the party or attorney advising such conduct
or both of them to pay to the moving party the reasonable
expenses incurred in making the motion, including attor-
ney's fees, unless the court finds that the motion was filed
without the movant's first making a good faith effort to
obtain the disclosure or discovery without court action, or
that the opposing party's nondisclosure, response, or ob-
jection was substantially justified, or that other circum-
stances make an award of expenses unjust.
(B) If the motion is denied, the court may enter any pro-
tective order authorized under Rule 26(c) and shall, after
affording an opportunity to be heard, require the moving
party or the attorney filing the motion or both of them to
pay to the party or deponent who opposed the motion the
reasonable expenses incurred in opposing the motion, in-
cluding attorney's fees, unless the court finds that the
making of the motion was substantially justified or that
other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.
(C) If the motion is granted in part and denied in part,
the court may enter any protective order authorized under
Rule 26(c) and may, after affording an opportunity to be
heard, apportion the reasonable expenses incurred in rela-
tion to the motion among the parties and persons in a just
manner.
(b) FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH ORDER.
(1) Sanctions by Court in District Where Deposition Is Taken. If
a deponent fails to be sworn or to answer a question after
being directed to do so by the court in the district in which

51 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 37

the deposition is being taken, the failure may be considered a
contempt of that court.
(2) Sanctions by Court in Which Action Is Pending. If a party
or an officer, director, or managing agent of a party or a per-
son designated under Rule 30(b)(6) or 31(a) to testify on behalf
of a party fails to obey an order to provide or permit discov-
ery, including an order made under subdivision (a) of this rule
or Rule 35, or if a party fails to obey an order entered under
Rule 26(f), the court in which the action is pending may make
such orders in regard to the failure as are just, and among oth-
ers the following:
(A) An order that the matters regarding which the order
was made or any other designated facts shall be taken to
be established for the purposes of the action in accordance
with the claim of the party obtaining the order;
(B) An order refusing to allow the disobedient party to
support or oppose designated claims or defenses, or prohib-
iting that party from introducing designated matters in
evidence;
(C) An order striking out pleadings or parts thereof, or
staying further proceedings until the order is obeyed, or
dismissing the action or proceeding or any part thereof, or
rendering a judgment by default against the disobedient
party;
(D) In lieu of any of the foregoing orders or in addition
thereto, an order treating as a contempt of court the fail-
ure to obey any orders except an order to submit to a
physical or mental examination;
(E) Where a party has failed to comply with an order
under Rule 35(a) requiring that party to produce another
for examination, such orders as are listed in paragraphs
(A), (B), and (C) of this subdivision, unless the party fail-
ing to comply shows that that party is unable to produce
such person for examination.
In lieu of any of the foregoing orders or in addition
thereto, the court shall require the party failing to obey
the order or the attorney advising that party or both to
pay the reasonable expenses, including attorney's fees,
caused by the failure, unless the court finds that the fail-
ure was substantially justified or that other circumstances
make an award of expenses unjust.
(c) FAILURE TO DISCLOSE; FALSE OR MISLEADING DISCLOSURE; RE-
FUSAL TO ADMIT.
(1) A party that without substantial justification fails to dis-
close information required by Rule 26(a) or 26(e)(1), or to
amend a prior response to discovery as required by Rule
26(e)(2), is not, unless such failure is harmless, permitted to
use as evidence at a trial, at a hearing, or on a motion any
witness or information not so disclosed. In addition to or in
lieu of this sanction, the court, on motion and after affording
an opportunity to be heard, may impose other appropriate
sanctions. In addition to requiring payment of reasonable ex-
penses, including attorney's fees, caused by the failure, these
sanctions may include any of the actions authorized under

Rule 37 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 52

Rule 37(b)(2)(A), (B), and (C) and may include informing the
jury of the failure to make the disclosure.
(2) If a party fails to admit the genuineness of any document
or the truth of any matter as requested under Rule 36, and if
the party requesting the admissions thereafter proves the
genuineness of the document or the truth of the matter, the
requesting party may apply to the court for an order requiring
the other party to pay the reasonable expenses incurred in
making that proof, including reasonable attorney's fees. The
court shall make the order unless it finds that (A) the request
was held objectionable pursuant to Rule 36(a), or (B) the ad-
mission sought was of no substantial importance, or (C) the
party failing to admit had reasonable ground to believe that
the party might prevail on the matter, or (D) there was other
good reason for the failure to admit.
(d) FAILURE OF PARTY TO ATTEND AT OWN DEPOSITION OR SERVE
ANSWERS TO INTERROGATORIES OR RESPOND TO REQUEST FOR IN-
SPECTION. If a party or an officer, director, or managing agent of
a party or a person designated under Rule 30(b)(6) or 31(a) to tes-
tify on behalf of a party fails (1) to appear before the officer who
is to take the deposition, after being served with a proper notice,
or (2) to serve answers or objections to interrogatories submitted
under Rule 33, after proper service of the interrogatories, or (3) to
serve a written response to a request for inspection submitted
under Rule 34, after proper service of the request, the court in
which the action is pending on motion may make such orders in
regard to the failure as are just, and among others it may take
any action authorized under subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of
subdivision (b)(2) of this rule. Any motion specifying a failure
under clause (2) or (3) of this subdivision shall include a certifi-
cation that the movant has in good faith conferred or attempted
to confer with the party failing to answer or respond in an effort
to obtain such answer or response without court action. In lieu of
any order or in addition thereto, the court shall require the party
failing to act or the attorney advising that party or both to pay
the reasonable expenses, including attorney's fees, caused by the
failure unless the court finds that the failure was substantially
justified or that other circumstances make an award of expenses
unjust.
The failure to act described in this subdivision may not be ex-
cused on the ground that the discovery sought is objectionable un-
less the party failing to act has a pending motion for a protective
order as provided by Rule 26(c).
[(e) SUBPOENA OF PERSON IN FOREIGN COUNTRY.] (Abrogated Apr.
29, 1980, eff. Aug. 1, 1980)
[(f) EXPENSES AGAINST UNITED STATES.] (Repealed Oct. 21, 1980,
eff. Oct. 1, 1981)
(g) FAILURE TO PARTICIPATE IN THE FRAMING OF A DISCOVERY
PLAN. If a party or a party's attorney fails to participate in good
faith in the development and submission of a proposed discovery
plan as required by Rule 26(f), the court may, after opportunity for
hearing, require such party or attorney to pay to any other party
the reasonable expenses, including attorney's fees, caused by the
failure.

53 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 39

(As amended Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct. 20, 1949; Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July
1, 1970; Apr. 29, 1980, eff. Aug. 1, 1980; Oct. 21, 1980, eff. Oct. 1, 1981;
Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993; Apr. 17,
2000, eff. Dec. 1, 2000.)

VI. TRIALS
Rule 38. Jury Trial of Right
(a) RIGHT PRESERVED. The right of trial by jury as declared by
the Seventh Amendment to the Constitution or as given by a stat-
ute of the United States shall be preserved to the parties invio-
late.
(b) DEMAND. Any party may demand a trial by jury of any issue
triable of right by a jury by (1) serving upon the other parties a
demand therefor in writing at any time after the commencement
of the action and not later than 10 days after the service of the
last pleading directed to such issue, and (2) filing the demand as
required by Rule 5(d). Such demand may be indorsed upon a plead-
ing of the party.
(c) SAME: SPECIFICATION OF ISSUES. In the demand a party may
specify the issues which the party wishes so tried; otherwise the
party shall be deemed to have demanded trial by jury for all the
issues so triable. If the party has demanded trial by jury for only
some of the issues, any other party within 10 days after service of
the demand or such lesser time as the court may order, may serve
a demand for trial by jury of any other or all of the issues of fact
in the action.
(d) WAIVER. The failure of a party to serve and file a demand as
required by this rule constitutes a waiver by the party of trial by
jury. A demand for trial by jury made as herein provided may not
be withdrawn without the consent of the parties.
(e) ADMIRALTY AND MARITIME CLAIMS. These rules shall not be
construed to create a right to trial by jury of the issues in an ad-
miralty or maritime claim within the meaning of Rule 9(h).
(As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug.
1, 1987; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Rule 39. Trial by Jury or by the Court
(a) BY JURY. When trial by jury has been demanded as provided
in Rule 38, the action shall be designated upon the docket as a
jury action. The trial of all issues so demanded shall be by jury,
unless (1) the parties or their attorneys of record, by written stip-
ulation filed with the court or by an oral stipulation made in open
court and entered in the record, consent to trial by the court sit-
ting without a jury or (2) the court upon motion or of its own ini-
tiative finds that a right of trial by jury of some or all of those
issues does not exist under the Constitution or statutes of the
United States.
(b) BY THE COURT. Issues not demanded for trial by jury as pro-
vided in Rule 38 shall be tried by the court; but, notwithstanding
the failure of a party to demand a jury in an action in which such
a demand might have been made of right, the court in its discre-
tion upon motion may order a trial by a jury of any or all issues.
(c) ADVISORY JURY AND TRIAL BY CONSENT. In all actions not tri-
able of right by a jury the court upon motion or of its own initia-

Rule 40 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 54

tive may try any issue with an advisory jury or, except in actions
against the United States when a statute of the United States pro-
vides for trial without a jury, the court, with the consent of both
parties, may order a trial with a jury whose verdict has the same
effect as if trial by jury had been a matter of right.
Rule 40. Assignment of Cases for Trial
The district courts shall provide by rule for the placing of ac-
tions upon the trial calendar (1) without request of the parties or
(2) upon request of a party and notice to the other parties or (3)
in such other manner as the courts deem expedient. Precedence
shall be given to actions entitled thereto by any statute of the
United States.
Rule 41. Dismissal of Actions
(a) VOLUNTARY DISMISSAL: EFFECT THEREOF.
(1) By Plaintiff; by Stipulation. Subject to the provisions of
Rule 23(e), of Rule 66, and of any statute of the United States,
an action may be dismissed by the plaintiff without order of
court (i) by filing a notice of dismissal at any time before serv-
ice by the adverse party of an answer or of a motion for sum-
mary judgment, whichever first occurs, or (ii) by filing a stip-
ulation of dismissal signed by all parties who have appeared in
the action. Unless otherwise stated in the notice of dismissal
or stipulation, the dismissal is without prejudice, except that
a notice of dismissal operates as an adjudication upon the
merits when filed by a plaintiff who has once dismissed in any
court of the United States or of any state an action based on
or including the same claim.
(2) By Order of Court. Except as provided in paragraph (1) of
this subdivision of this rule, an action shall not be dismissed
at the plaintiff's instance save upon order of the court and
upon such terms and conditions as the court deems proper. If
a counterclaim has been pleaded by a defendant prior to the
service upon the defendant of the plaintiff's motion to dismiss,
the action shall not be dismissed against the defendant's ob-
jection unless the counterclaim can remain pending for inde-
pendent adjudication by the court. Unless otherwise specified
in the order, a dismissal under this paragraph is without prej-
udice.
(b) INVOLUNTARY DISMISSAL: EFFECT THEREOF. For failure of the
plaintiff to prosecute or to comply with these rules or any order
of court, a defendant may move for dismissal of an action or of
any claim against the defendant. Unless the court in its order for
dismissal otherwise specifies, a dismissal under this subdivision
and any dismissal not provided for in this rule, other than a dis-
missal for lack of jurisdiction, for improper venue, or for failure
to join a party under Rule 19, operates as an adjudication upon the
merits.
(c) DISMISSAL OF COUNTERCLAIM, CROSS-CLAIM, OR THIRD-PARTY
CLAIM. The provisions of this rule apply to the dismissal of any
counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim. A voluntary dis-
missal by the claimant alone pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivi-
sion (a) of this rule shall be made before a responsive pleading is

55 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 43

served or, if there is none, before the introduction of evidence at
the trial or hearing.
(d) COSTS OF PREVIOUSLY-DISMISSED ACTION. If a plaintiff who
has once dismissed an action in any court commences an action
based upon or including the same claim against the same defend-
ant, the court may make such order for the payment of costs of
the action previously dismissed as it may deem proper and may
stay the proceedings in the action until the plaintiff has complied
with the order.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July
1, 1963; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Dec. 4, 1967, eff. July 1, 1968;
Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991.)
Rule 42. Consolidation; Separate Trials
(a) CONSOLIDATION. When actions involving a common question
of law or fact are pending before the court, it may order a joint
hearing or trial of any or all the matters in issue in the actions;
it may order all the actions consolidated; and it may make such
orders concerning proceedings therein as may tend to avoid un-
necessary costs or delay.
(b) SEPARATE TRIALS. The court, in furtherance of convenience
or to avoid prejudice, or when separate trials will be conducive to
expedition and economy, may order a separate trial of any claim,
cross-claim, counterclaim, or third-party claim, or of any sepa-
rate issue or of any number of claims, cross-claims, counter-
claims, third-party claims, or issues, always preserving inviolate
the right of trial by jury as declared by the Seventh Amendment
to the Constitution or as given by a statute of the United States.
(As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966.)
Rule 43. Taking of Testimony
(a) FORM. In every trial, the testimony of witnesses shall be
taken in open court, unless a federal law, these rules, the Federal
Rules of Evidence, or other rules adopted by the Supreme Court
provide otherwise. The court may, for good cause shown in com-
pelling circumstances and upon appropriate safeguards, permit
presentation of testimony in open court by contemporaneous
transmission from a different location.
[(b) SCOPE OF EXAMINATION AND CROSS-EXAMINATION.] (Abrogated
Nov. 20, 1972, and Dec. 18, 1972, eff. July 1, 1975)
[(c) RECORD OF EXCLUDED EVIDENCE.] (Abrogated Nov. 20, 1972,
and Dec. 18, 1972, eff. July 1, 1975)
(d) AFFIRMATION IN LIEU OF OATH. Whenever under these rules an
oath is required to be taken, a solemn affirmation may be accept-
ed in lieu thereof.
(e) EVIDENCE ON MOTIONS. When a motion is based on facts not
appearing of record the court may hear the matter on affidavits
presented by the respective parties, but the court may direct that
the matter be heard wholly or partly on oral testimony or deposi-
tions.
(f) INTERPRETERS. The court may appoint an interpreter of its
own selection and may fix the interpreter's reasonable compensa-
tion. The compensation shall be paid out of funds provided by law
or by one or more of the parties as the court may direct, and may
be taxed ultimately as costs, in the discretion of the court.

Rule 44 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 56

(As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Nov. 20, 1972, and Dec.
18, 1972, eff. July 1, 1975; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 23, 1996,
eff. Dec. 1, 1996.)
Rule 44. Proof of Official Record
(a) AUTHENTICATION.
(1) Domestic. An official record kept within the United
States, or any state, district, or commonwealth, or within a
territory subject to the administrative or judicial jurisdiction
of the United States, or an entry therein, when admissible for
any purpose, may be evidenced by an official publication
thereof or by a copy attested by the officer having the legal
custody of the record, or by the officer's deputy, and accom-
panied by a certificate that such officer has the custody. The
certificate may be made by a judge of a court of record of the
district or political subdivision in which the record is kept,
authenticated by the seal of the court, or may be made by any
public officer having a seal of office and having official duties
in the district or political subdivision in which the record is
kept, authenticated by the seal of the officer's office.
(2) Foreign. A foreign official record, or an entry therein,
when admissible for any purpose, may be evidenced by an offi-
cial publication thereof; or a copy thereof, attested by a per-
son authorized to make the attestation, and accompanied by
a final certification as to the genuineness of the signature and
official position (i) of the attesting person, or (ii) of any for-
eign official whose certificate of genuineness of signature and
official position relates to the attestation or is in a chain of
certificates of genuineness of signature and official position
relating to the attestation. A final certification may be made
by a secretary of embassy or legation, consul general, vice
consul, or consular agent of the United States, or a diplomatic
or consular official of the foreign country assigned or accred-
ited to the United States. If reasonable opportunity has been
given to all parties to investigate the authenticity and accu-
racy of the documents, the court may, for good cause shown,
(i) admit an attested copy without final certification or (ii)
permit the foreign official record to be evidenced by an at-
tested summary with or without a final certification. The
final certification is unnecessary if the record and the attesta-
tion are certified as provided in a treaty or convention to
which the United States and the foreign country in which the
official record is located are parties.
(b) LACK OF RECORD. A written statement that after diligent
search no record or entry of a specified tenor is found to exist in
the records designated by the statement, authenticated as pro-
vided in subdivision (a)(1) of this rule in the case of a domestic
record, or complying with the requirements of subdivision (a)(2) of
this rule for a summary in the case of a foreign record, is admissi-
ble as evidence that the records contain no such record or entry.
(c) OTHER PROOF. This rule does not prevent the proof of official
records or of entry or lack of entry therein by any other method
authorized by law.
(As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug.
1, 1987; Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991.)

57 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 45

Rule 44.1. Determination of Foreign Law
A party who intends to raise an issue concerning the law of a
foreign country shall give notice by pleadings or other reasonable
written notice. The court, in determining foreign law, may con-
sider any relevant material or source, including testimony,
whether or not submitted by a party or admissible under the Fed-
eral Rules of Evidence. The court's determination shall be treated
as a ruling on a question of law.
(As added Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; amended Nov. 20, 1972, eff.
July 1, 1975; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987.)
Rule 45. Subpoena
(a) FORM; ISSUANCE.
(1) Every subpoena shall
(A) state the name of the court from which it is issued; and
(B) state the title of the action, the name of the court in
which it is pending, and its civil action number; and
(C) command each person to whom it is directed to attend
and give testimony or to produce and permit inspection and
copying of designated books, documents or tangible things in
the possession, custody or control of that person, or to permit
inspection of premises, at a time and place therein specified;
and
(D) set forth the text of subdivisions (c) and (d) of this rule.
A command to produce evidence or to permit inspection may
be joined with a command to appear at trial or hearing or at
deposition, or may be issued separately.
(2) A subpoena commanding attendance at a trial or hearing
shall issue from the court for the district in which the hearing
or trial is to be held. A subpoena for attendance at a deposi-
tion shall issue from the court for the district designated by
the notice of deposition as the district in which the deposition
is to be taken. If separate from a subpoena commanding the
attendance of a person, a subpoena for production or inspec-
tion shall issue from the court for the district in which the
production or inspection is to be made.
(3) The clerk shall issue a subpoena, signed but otherwise in
blank, to a party requesting it, who shall complete it before
service. An attorney as officer of the court may also issue and
sign a subpoena on behalf of
(A) a court in which the attorney is authorized to practice;
or(B) a court for a district in which a deposition or production
is compelled by the subpoena, if the deposition or production
pertains to an action pending in a court in which the attorney
is authorized to practice.
(b) SERVICE.
(1) A subpoena may be served by any person who is not a
party and is not less than 18 years of age. Service of a sub-
poena upon a person named therein shall be made by deliver-
ing a copy thereof to such person and, if the person's attend-
ance is commanded, by tendering to that person the fees for
one day's attendance and the mileage allowed by law. When
the subpoena is issued on behalf of the United States or an of-

Rule 45 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 58

ficer or agency thereof, fees and mileage need not be tendered.
Prior notice of any commanded production of documents and
things or inspection of premises before trial shall be served on
each party in the manner prescribed by Rule 5(b).
(2) Subject to the provisions of clause (ii) of subparagraph
(c)(3)(A) of this rule, a subpoena may be served at any place
within the district of the court by which it is issued, or at any
place without the district that is within 100 miles of the place
of the deposition, hearing, trial, production, or inspection
specified in the subpoena or at any place within the state
where a state statute or rule of court permits service of a sub-
poena issued by a state court of general jurisdiction sitting in
the place of the deposition, hearing, trial, production, or in-
spection specified in the subpoena. When a statute of the
United States provides therefor, the court upon proper appli-
cation and cause shown may authorize the service of a sub-
poena at any other place. A subpoena directed to a witness in
a foreign country who is a national or resident of the United
States shall issue under the circumstances and in the manner
and be served as provided in Title 28, U.S.C. § 1783.
(3) Proof of service when necessary shall be made by filing
with the clerk of the court by which the subpoena is issued a
statement of the date and manner of service and of the names
of the persons served, certified by the person who made the
service.
(c) PROTECTION OF PERSONS SUBJECT TO SUBPOENAS.
(1) A party or an attorney responsible for the issuance and
service of a subpoena shall take reasonable steps to avoid im-
posing undue burden or expense on a person subject to that
subpoena. The court on behalf of which the subpoena was is-
sued shall enforce this duty and impose upon the party or at-
torney in breach of this duty an appropriate sanction, which
may include, but is not limited to, lost earnings and a reason-
able attorney's fee.
(2)(A) A person commanded to produce and permit inspection
and copying of designated books, papers, documents or tan-
gible things, or inspection of premises need not appear in per-
son at the place of production or inspection unless commanded
to appear for deposition, hearing or trial.
(B) Subject to paragraph (d)(2) of this rule, a person com-
manded to produce and permit inspection and copying may,
within 14 days after service of the subpoena or before the time
specified for compliance if such time is less than 14 days after
service, serve upon the party or attorney designated in the
subpoena written objection to inspection or copying of any or
all of the designated materials or of the premises. If objection
is made, the party serving the subpoena shall not be entitled
to inspect and copy the materials or inspect the premises ex-
cept pursuant to an order of the court by which the subpoena
was issued. If objection has been made, the party serving the
subpoena may, upon notice to the person commanded to
produce, move at any time for an order to compel the produc-
tion. Such an order to compel production shall protect any
person who is not a party or an officer of a party from signifi-

59 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 45

cant expense resulting from the inspection and copying com-
manded.
(3)(A) On timely motion, the court by which a subpoena was
issued shall quash or modify the subpoena if it
(i) fails to allow reasonable time for compliance;
(ii) requires a person who is not a party or an officer of
a party to travel to a place more than 100 miles from the
place where that person resides, is employed or regularly
transacts business in person, except that, subject to the
provisions of clause (c)(3)(B)(iii) of this rule, such a person
may in order to attend trial be commanded to travel from
any such place within the state in which the trial is held,
or(iii) requires disclosure of privileged or other protected
matter and no exception or waiver applies, or
(iv) subjects a person to undue burden.
(B) If a subpoena
(i) requires disclosure of a trade secret or other confiden-
tial research, development, or commercial information, or
(ii) requires disclosure of an unretained expert's opinion
or information not describing specific events or occur-
rences in dispute and resulting from the expert's study
made not at the request of any party, or
(iii) requires a person who is not a party or an officer of
a party to incur substantial expense to travel more than
100 miles to attend trial, the court may, to protect a per-
son subject to or affected by the subpoena, quash or mod-
ify the subpoena or, if the party in whose behalf the sub-
poena is issued shows a substantial need for the testimony
or material that cannot be otherwise met without undue
hardship and assures that the person to whom the sub-
poena is addressed will be reasonably compensated, the
court may order appearance or production only upon speci-
fied conditions.
(d) DUTIES IN RESPONDING TO SUBPOENA.
(1) A person responding to a subpoena to produce documents
shall produce them as they are kept in the usual course of
business or shall organize and label them to correspond with
the categories in the demand.
(2) When information subject to a subpoena is withheld on a
claim that it is privileged or subject to protection as trial
preparation materials, the claim shall be made expressly and
shall be supported by a description of the nature of the docu-
ments, communications, or things not produced that is suffi-
cient to enable the demanding party to contest the claim.
(e) CONTEMPT. Failure by any person without adequate excuse to
obey a subpoena served upon that person may be deemed a con-
tempt of the court from which the subpoena issued. An adequate
cause for failure to obey exists when a subpoena purports to re-
quire a non-party to attend or produce at a place not within the
limits provided by clause (ii) of subparagraph (c)(3)(A).
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct.
20, 1949; Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July 1, 1970; Apr. 29, 1980, eff. Aug. 1, 1980;
Apr. 29, 1985, eff. Aug. 1, 1985; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr.
30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991.)

Rule 46 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 60

Rule 46. Exceptions Unnecessary
Formal exceptions to rulings or orders of the court are unneces-
sary; but for all purposes for which an exception has heretofore
been necessary it is sufficient that a party, at the time the ruling
or order of the court is made or sought, makes known to the court
the action which the party desires the court to take or the party's
objection to the action of the court and the grounds therefor; and,
if a party has no opportunity to object to a ruling or order at the
time it is made, the absence of an objection does not thereafter
prejudice the party.
(As amended Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987.)
Rule 47. Selection of Jurors
(a) EXAMINATION OF JURORS. The court may permit the parties or
their attorneys to conduct the examination of prospective jurors
or may itself conduct the examination. In the latter event, the
court shall permit the parties or their attorneys to supplement
the examination by such further inquiry as it deems proper or
shall itself submit to the prospective jurors such additional ques-
tions of the parties or their attorneys as it deems proper.
(b) PEREMPTORY CHALLENGES. The court shall allow the number
of peremptory challenges provided by 28 U.S.C. § 1870.
(c) EXCUSE. The court may for good cause excuse a juror from
service during trial or deliberation.
(As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec.
1, 1991.)
Rule 48. Number of Jurors-Participation in Verdict
The court shall seat a jury of not fewer than six and not more
than twelve members and all jurors shall participate in the ver-
dict unless excused from service by the court pursuant to Rule
47(c). Unless the parties otherwise stipulate, (1) the verdict shall
be unanimous and (2) no verdict shall be taken from a jury re-
duced in size to fewer than six members.
(As amended Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991.)
Rule 49. Special Verdicts and Interrogatories
(a) SPECIAL VERDICTS. The court may require a jury to return
only a special verdict in the form of a special written finding upon
each issue of fact. In that event the court may submit to the jury
written questions susceptible of categorical or other brief answer
or may submit written forms of the several special findings which
might properly be made under the pleadings and evidence; or it
may use such other method of submitting the issues and requiring
the written findings thereon as it deems most appropriate. The
court shall give to the jury such explanation and instruction con-
cerning the matter thus submitted as may be necessary to enable
the jury to make its findings upon each issue. If in so doing the
court omits any issue of fact raised by the pleadings or by the evi-
dence, each party waives the right to a trial by jury of the issue
so omitted unless before the jury retires the party demands its
submission to the jury. As to an issue omitted without such de-
mand the court may make a finding; or, if it fails to do so, it shall

61 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 50

be deemed to have made a finding in accord with the judgment on
the special verdict.
(b) GENERAL VERDICT ACCOMPANIED BY ANSWER TO INTERROG-
ATORIES. The court may submit to the jury, together with appro-
priate forms for a general verdict, written interrogatories upon
one or more issues of fact the decision of which is necessary to a
verdict. The court shall give such explanation or instruction as
may be necessary to enable the jury both to make answers to the
interrogatories and to render a general verdict, and the court
shall direct the jury both to make written answers and to render
a general verdict. When the general verdict and the answers are
harmonious, the appropriate judgment upon the verdict and an-
swers shall be entered pursuant to Rule 58. When the answers are
consistent with each other but one or more is inconsistent with
the general verdict, judgment may be entered pursuant to Rule 58
in accordance with the answers, notwithstanding the general ver-
dict, or the court may return the jury for further consideration of
its answers and verdict or may order a new trial. When the an-
swers are inconsistent with each other and one or more is likewise
inconsistent with the general verdict, judgment shall not be en-
tered, but the court shall return the jury for further consideration
of its answers and verdict or shall order a new trial.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug.
1, 1987.)
Rule 50. Judgment as a Matter of Law in Jury Trials; Alternative
Motion for New Trial; Conditional Rulings
(a) JUDGMENT AS A MATTER OF LAW.
(1) If during a trial by jury a party has been fully heard on
an issue and there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for
a reasonable jury to find for that party on that issue, the
court may determine the issue against that party and may
grant a motion for judgment as a matter of law against that
party with respect to a claim or defense that cannot under the
controlling law be maintained or defeated without a favorable
finding on that issue.
(2) Motions for judgment as a matter of law may be made at
any time before submission of the case to the jury. Such a mo-
tion shall specify the judgment sought and the law and the
facts on which the moving party is entitled to the judgment.
(b) RENEWING MOTION FOR JUDGMENT AFTER TRIAL; ALTERNATIVE
MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL. If, for any reason, the court does not
grant a motion for judgment as a matter of law made at the close
of all the evidence, the court is considered to have submitted the
action to the jury subject to the court's later deciding the legal
questions raised by the motion. The movant may renew its re-
quest for judgment as a matter of law by filing a motion no later
than 10 days after entry of judgment-and may alternatively re-
quest a new trial or join a motion for a new trial under Rule 59.
In ruling on a renewed motion, the court may:
(1) if a verdict was returned:
(A) allow the judgment to stand,
(B) order a new trial, or
(C) direct entry of judgment as a matter of law; or

Rule 51 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 62

(2) if no verdict was returned:
(A) order a new trial, or
(B) direct entry of judgment as a matter of law.
(c) GRANTING RENEWED MOTION FOR JUDGMENT AS A MATTER OF
LAW; CONDITIONAL RULINGS; NEW TRIAL MOTION.
(1) If the renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law is
granted, the court shall also rule on the motion for a new
trial, if any, by determining whether it should be granted if
the judgment is thereafter vacated or reversed, and shall
specify the grounds for granting or denying the motion for the
new trial. If the motion for a new trial is thus conditionally
granted, the order thereon does not affect the finality of the
judgment. In case the motion for a new trial has been condi-
tionally granted and the judgment is reversed on appeal, the
new trial shall proceed unless the appellate court has other-
wise ordered. In case the motion for a new trial has been con-
ditionally denied, the appellee on appeal may assert error in
that denial; and if the judgment is reversed on appeal, subse-
quent proceedings shall be in accordance with the order of the
appellate court.
(2) Any motion for a new trial under Rule 59 by a party
against whom judgment as a matter of law is rendered shall be
filed no later than 10 days after entry of the judgment.
(d) SAME: DENIAL OF MOTION FOR JUDGMENT AS A MATTER OF
LAW. If the motion for judgment as a matter of law is denied, the
party who prevailed on that motion may, as appellee, assert
grounds entitling the party to a new trial in the event the appel-
late court concludes that the trial court erred in denying the mo-
tion for judgment. If the appellate court reverses the judgment,
nothing in this rule precludes it from determining that the appel-
lee is entitled to a new trial, or from directing the trial court to
determine whether a new trial shall be granted.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug.
1, 1987; Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993;
Apr. 27, 1995, eff. Dec. 1, 1995.)
Rule 51. Instructions to Jury: Objection
At the close of the evidence or at such earlier time during the
trial as the court reasonably directs, any party may file written
requests that the court instruct the jury on the law as set forth
in the requests. The court shall inform counsel of its proposed ac-
tion upon the requests prior to their arguments to the jury. The
court, at its election, may instruct the jury before or after argu-
ment, or both. No party may assign as error the giving or the fail-
ure to give an instruction unless that party objects thereto before
the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating distinctly the mat-
ter objected to and the grounds of the objection. Opportunity shall
be given to make the objection out of the hearing of the jury.
(As amended Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987.)
Rule 52. Findings by the Court; Judgment on Partial Findings
(a) EFFECT. In all actions tried upon the facts without a jury or
with an advisory jury, the court shall find the facts specially and
state separately its conclusions of law thereon, and judgment

63 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 53

shall be entered pursuant to Rule 58; and in granting or refusing
interlocutory injunctions the court shall similarly set forth the
findings of fact and conclusions of law which constitute the
grounds of its action. Requests for findings are not necessary for
purposes of review. Findings of fact, whether based on oral or doc-
umentary evidence, shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous,
and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court
to judge of the credibility of the witnesses. The findings of a mas-
ter, to the extent that the court adopts them, shall be considered
as the findings of the court. It will be sufficient if the findings of
fact and conclusions of law are stated orally and recorded in open
court following the close of the evidence or appear in an opinion
or memorandum of decision filed by the court. Findings of fact
and conclusions of law are unnecessary on decisions of motions
under Rules 12 or 56 or any other motion except as provided in
subdivision (c) of this rule.
(b) AMENDMENT. On a party's motion filed no later than 10 days
after entry of judgment, the court may amend its findings-or
make additional findings-and may amend the judgment accord-
ingly. The motion may accompany a motion for a new trial under
Rule 59. When findings of fact are made in actions tried without
a jury, the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the findings may
be later questioned whether or not in the district court the party
raising the question objected to the findings, moved to amend
them, or moved for partial findings.
(c) JUDGMENT ON PARTIAL FINDINGS. If during a trial without a
jury a party has been fully heard on an issue and the court finds
against the party on that issue, the court may enter judgment as
a matter of law against that party with respect to a claim or de-
fense that cannot under the controlling law be maintained or de-
feated without a favorable finding on that issue, or the court may
decline to render any judgment until the close of all the evidence.
Such a judgment shall be supported by findings of fact and conclu-
sions of law as required by subdivision (a) of this rule.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July
1, 1963; Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug. 1, 1983; Apr. 29, 1985, eff. Aug. 1, 1985;
Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993; Apr.
27, 1995, eff. Dec. 1, 1995.)
Rule 53. Masters
(a) APPOINTMENT AND COMPENSATION. The court in which any ac-
tion is pending may appoint a special master therein. As used in
these rules, the word ``master'' includes a referee, an auditor, an
examiner, and an assessor. The compensation to be allowed to a
master shall be fixed by the court, and shall be charged upon such
of the parties or paid out of any fund or subject matter of the ac-
tion, which is in the custody and control of the court as the court
may direct; provided that this provision for compensation shall
not apply when a United States magistrate judge is designated to
serve as a master. The master shall not retain the master's report
as security for the master's compensation; but when the party or-
dered to pay the compensation allowed by the court does not pay
it after notice and within the time prescribed by the court, the
master is entitled to a writ of execution against the delinquent
party.

Rule 53 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 64

(b) REFERENCE. A reference to a master shall be the exception
and not the rule. In actions to be tried by a jury, a reference shall
be made only when the issues are complicated; in actions to be
tried without a jury, save in matters of account and of difficult
computation of damages, a reference shall be made only upon a
showing that some exceptional condition requires it. Upon the
consent of the parties, a magistrate judge may be designated to
serve as a special master without regard to the provisions of this
subdivision.
(c) POWERS. The order of reference to the master may specify or
limit the master's powers and may direct the master to report
only upon particular issues or to do or perform particular acts or
to receive and report evidence only and may fix the time and
place for beginning and closing the hearings and for the filing of
the master's report. Subject to the specifications and limitations
stated in the order, the master has and shall exercise the power
to regulate all proceedings in every hearing before the master and
to do all acts and take all measures necessary or proper for the
efficient performance of the master's duties under the order. The
master may require the production before the master of evidence
upon all matters embraced in the reference, including the produc-
tion of all books, papers, vouchers, documents, and writings appli-
cable thereto. The master may rule upon the admissibility of evi-
dence unless otherwise directed by the order of reference and has
the authority to put witnesses on oath and may examine them and
may call the parties to the action and examine them upon oath.
When a party so requests, the master shall make a record of the
evidence offered and excluded in the same manner and subject to
the same limitations as provided in the Federal Rules of Evidence
for a court sitting without a jury.
(d) PROCEEDINGS.
(1) Meetings. When a reference is made, the clerk shall forth-
with furnish the master with a copy of the order of reference.
Upon receipt thereof unless the order of reference otherwise
provides, the master shall forthwith set a time and place for
the first meeting of the parties or their attorneys to be held
within 20 days after the date of the order of reference and shall
notify the parties or their attorneys. It is the duty of the mas-
ter to proceed with all reasonable diligence. Either party, on
notice to the parties and master, may apply to the court for
an order requiring the master to speed the proceedings and to
make the report. If a party fails to appear at the time and
place appointed, the master may proceed ex parte or, in the
master's discretion, adjourn the proceedings to a future day,
giving notice to the absent party of the adjournment.
(2) Witnesses. The parties may procure the attendance of wit-
nesses before the master by the issuance and service of subpoe-
nas as provided in Rule 45. If without adequate excuse a wit-
ness fails to appear or give evidence, the witness may be pun-
ished as for a contempt and be subjected to the consequences,
penalties, and remedies provided in Rules 37 and 45.
(3) Statement of Accounts. When matters of accounting are in
issue before the master, the master may prescribe the form in
which the accounts shall be submitted and in any proper case
may require or receive in evidence a statement by a certified

65 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 53

public accountant who is called as a witness. Upon objection
of a party to any of the items thus submitted or upon a show-
ing that the form of statement is insufficient, the master may
require a different form of statement to be furnished, or the
accounts or specific items thereof to be proved by oral exam-
ination of the accounting parties or upon written interrog-
atories or in such other manner as the master directs.
(e) REPORT.
(1) Contents and Filing. The master shall prepare a report
upon the matters submitted to the master by the order of ref-
erence and, if required to make findings of fact and conclu-
sions of law, the master shall set them forth in the report. The
master shall file the report with the clerk of the court and
serve on all parties notice of the filing. In an action to be tried
without a jury, unless otherwise directed by the order of ref-
erence, the master shall file with the report a transcript of the
proceedings and of the evidence and the original exhibits. Un-
less otherwise directed by the order of reference, the master
shall serve a copy of the report on each party.
(2) In Non-Jury Actions. In an action to be tried without a
jury the court shall accept the master's findings of fact unless
clearly erroneous. Within 10 days after being served with no-
tice of the filing of the report any party may serve written ob-
jections thereto upon the other parties. Application to the
court for action upon the report and upon objections thereto
shall be by motion and upon notice as prescribed in Rule 6(d).
The court after hearing may adopt the report or may modify
it or may reject it in whole or in part or may receive further
evidence or may recommit it with instructions.
(3) In Jury Actions. In an action to be tried by a jury the mas-
ter shall not be directed to report the evidence. The master's
findings upon the issues submitted to the master are admissi-
ble as evidence of the matters found and may be read to the
jury, subject to the ruling of the court upon any objections in
point of law which may be made to the report.
(4) Stipulation as to Findings. The effect of a master's report
is the same whether or not the parties have consented to the
reference; but, when the parties stipulate that a master's find-
ings of fact shall be final, only questions of law arising upon
the report shall thereafter be considered.
(5) Draft Report. Before filing the master's report a master
may submit a draft thereof to counsel for all parties for the
purpose of receiving their suggestions.
(f) APPLICATION TO MAGISTRATE JUDGE. A magistrate judge is
subject to this rule only when the order referring a matter to the
magistrate judge expressly provides that the reference is made
under this rule.
(As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug.
1, 1983; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991;
Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)

Rule 54 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 66

VII. JUDGMENT
Rule 54. Judgments; Costs
(a) DEFINITION; FORM. ``Judgment'' as used in these rules in-
cludes a decree and any order from which an appeal lies. A judg-
ment shall not contain a recital of pleadings, the report of a mas-
ter, or the record of prior proceedings.
(b) JUDGMENT UPON MULTIPLE CLAIMS OR INVOLVING MULTIPLE
PARTIES. When more than one claim for relief is presented in an
action, whether as a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-
party claim, or when multiple parties are involved, the court may
direct the entry of a final judgment as to one or more but fewer
than all of the claims or parties only upon an express determina-
tion that there is no just reason for delay and upon an express di-
rection for the entry of judgment. In the absence of such deter-
mination and direction, any order or other form of decision, how-
ever designated, which adjudicates fewer than all the claims or
the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties shall not
terminate the action as to any of the claims or parties, and the
order or other form of decision is subject to revision at any time
before the entry of judgment adjudicating all the claims and the
rights and liabilities of all the parties.
(c) DEMAND FOR JUDGMENT. A judgment by default shall not be
different in kind from or exceed in amount that prayed for in the
demand for judgment. Except as to a party against whom a judg-
ment is entered by default, every final judgment shall grant the
relief to which the party in whose favor it is rendered is entitled,
even if the party has not demanded such relief in the party's
pleadings.
(d) COSTS; ATTORNEYS' FEES.
(1) Costs Other than Attorneys' Fees. Except when express pro-
vision therefor is made either in a statute of the United States
or in these rules, costs other than attorneys' fees shall be al-
lowed as of course to the prevailing party unless the court
otherwise directs; but costs against the United States, its offi-
cers, and agencies shall be imposed only to the extent per-
mitted by law. Such costs may be taxed by the clerk on one
day's notice. On motion served within 5 days thereafter, the
action of the clerk may be reviewed by the court.
(2) Attorneys' Fees.
(A) Claims for attorneys' fees and related nontaxable ex-
penses shall be made by motion unless the substantive law
governing the action provides for the recovery of such fees
as an element of damages to be proved at trial.
(B) Unless otherwise provided by statute or order of the
court, the motion must be filed and served no later than
14 days after entry of judgment; must specify the judgment
and the statute, rule, or other grounds entitling the mov-
ing party to the award; and must state the amount or pro-
vide a fair estimate of the amount sought. If directed by
the court, the motion shall also disclose the terms of any
agreement with respect to fees to be paid for the services
for which claim is made.
(C) On request of a party or class member, the court
shall afford an opportunity for adversary submissions with

67 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 55

respect to the motion in accordance with Rule 43(e) or
Rule 78. The court may determine issues of liability for
fees before receiving submissions bearing on issues of eval-
uation of services for which liability is imposed by the
court. The court shall find the facts and state its conclu-
sions of law as provided in Rule 52(a), and a judgment shall
be set forth in a separate document as provided in Rule 58.
(D) By local rule the court may establish special proce-
dures by which issues relating to such fees may be resolved
without extensive evidentiary hearings. In addition, the
court may refer issues relating to the value of services to
a special master under Rule 53 without regard to the provi-
sions of subdivision (b) thereof and may refer a motion for
attorneys' fees to a magistrate judge under Rule 72(b) as if
it were a dispositive pretrial matter.
(E) The provisions of subparagraphs (A) through (D) do
not apply to claims for fees and expenses as sanctions for
violations of these rules or under 28 U.S.C. § 1927.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Apr. 17, 1961, eff. July
19, 1961; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Rule 55. Default
(a) ENTRY. When a party against whom a judgment for affirma-
tive relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend as pro-
vided by these rules and that fact is made to appear by affidavit
or otherwise, the clerk shall enter the party's default.
(b) JUDGMENT. Judgment by default may be entered as follows:
(1) By the Clerk. When the plaintiff's claim against a defend-
ant is for a sum certain or for a sum which can by computa-
tion be made certain, the clerk upon request of the plaintiff
and upon affidavit of the amount due shall enter judgment for
that amount and costs against the defendant, if the defendant
has been defaulted for failure to appear and is not an infant or
incompetent person.
(2) By the Court. In all other cases the party entitled to a
judgment by default shall apply to the court therefor; but no
judgment by default shall be entered against an infant or in-
competent person unless represented in the action by a gen-
eral guardian, committee, conservator, or other such rep-
resentative who has appeared therein. If the party against
whom judgment by default is sought has appeared in the ac-
tion, the party (or, if appearing by representative, the party's
representative) shall be served with written notice of the ap-
plication for judgment at least 3 days prior to the hearing on
such application. If, in order to enable the court to enter judg-
ment or to carry it into effect, it is necessary to take an ac-
count or to determine the amount of damages or to establish
the truth of any averment by evidence or to make an inves-
tigation of any other matter, the court may conduct such
hearings or order such references as it deems necessary and
proper and shall accord a right of trial by jury to the parties
when and as required by any statute of the United States.
(c) SETTING ASIDE DEFAULT. For good cause shown the court
may set aside an entry of default and, if a judgment by default has

Rule 56 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 68

been entered, may likewise set it aside in accordance with Rule
60(b).
(d) PLAINTIFFS, COUNTERCLAIMANTS, CROSS-CLAIMANTS. The pro-
visions of this rule apply whether the party entitled to the judg-
ment by default is a plaintiff, a third-party plaintiff, or a party
who has pleaded a cross-claim or counterclaim. In all cases a judg-
ment by default is subject to the limitations of Rule 54(c).
(e) JUDGMENT AGAINST THE UNITED STATES. No judgment by de-
fault shall be entered against the United States or an officer or
agency thereof unless the claimant establishes a claim or right to
relief by evidence satisfactory to the court.
(As amended Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987.)
Rule 56. Summary Judgment
(a) FOR CLAIMANT. A party seeking to recover upon a claim,
counterclaim, or cross-claim or to obtain a declaratory judgment
may, at any time after the expiration of 20 days from the com-
mencement of the action or after service of a motion for summary
judgment by the adverse party, move with or without supporting
affidavits for a summary judgment in the party's favor upon all or
any part thereof.
(b) FOR DEFENDING PARTY. A party against whom a claim, coun-
terclaim, or cross-claim is asserted or a declaratory judgment is
sought may, at any time, move with or without supporting affida-
vits for a summary judgment in the party's favor as to all or any
part thereof.
(c) MOTION AND PROCEEDINGS THEREON. The motion shall be
served at least 10 days before the time fixed for the hearing. The
adverse party prior to the day of hearing may serve opposing affi-
davits. The judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the
pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions
on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party
is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. A summary judg-
ment, interlocutory in character, may be rendered on the issue of
liability alone although there is a genuine issue as to the amount
of damages.
(d) CASE NOT FULLY ADJUDICATED ON MOTION. If on motion under
this rule judgment is not rendered upon the whole case or for all
the relief asked and a trial is necessary, the court at the hearing
of the motion, by examining the pleadings and the evidence before
it and by interrogating counsel, shall if practicable ascertain what
material facts exist without substantial controversy and what
material facts are actually and in good faith controverted. It shall
thereupon make an order specifying the facts that appear without
substantial controversy, including the extent to which the
amount of damages or other relief is not in controversy, and di-
recting such further proceedings in the action as are just. Upon
the trial of the action the facts so specified shall be deemed estab-
lished, and the trial shall be conducted accordingly.
(e) FORM OF AFFIDAVITS; FURTHER TESTIMONY; DEFENSE RE-
QUIRED. Supporting and opposing affidavits shall be made on per-
sonal knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be admissible
in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is com-

69 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 58

petent to testify to the matters stated therein. Sworn or certified
copies of all papers or parts thereof referred to in an affidavit
shall be attached thereto or served therewith. The court may per-
mit affidavits to be supplemented or opposed by depositions, an-
swers to interrogatories, or further affidavits. When a motion for
summary judgment is made and supported as provided in this rule,
an adverse party may not rest upon the mere allegations or deni-
als of the adverse party's pleading, but the adverse party's re-
sponse, by affidavits or as otherwise provided in this rule, must
set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for
trial. If the adverse party does not so respond, summary judg-
ment, if appropriate, shall be entered against the adverse party.
(f) WHEN AFFIDAVITS ARE UNAVAILABLE. Should it appear from
the affidavits of a party opposing the motion that the party can-
not for reasons stated present by affidavit facts essential to jus-
tify the party's opposition, the court may refuse the application
for judgment or may order a continuance to permit affidavits to
be obtained or depositions to be taken or discovery to be had or
may make such other order as is just.
(g) AFFIDAVITS MADE IN BAD FAITH. Should it appear to the sat-
isfaction of the court at any time that any of the affidavits pre-
sented pursuant to this rule are presented in bad faith or solely
for the purpose of delay, the court shall forthwith order the party
employing them to pay to the other party the amount of the rea-
sonable expenses which the filing of the affidavits caused the
other party to incur, including reasonable attorney's fees, and any
offending party or attorney may be adjudged guilty of contempt.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July
1, 1963; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987.)
Rule 57. Declaratory Judgments
The procedure for obtaining a declaratory judgment pursuant to
Title 28, U.S.C., § 2201, shall be in accordance with these rules, and
the right to trial by jury may be demanded under the circum-
stances and in the manner provided in Rules 38 and 39. The exist-
ence of another adequate remedy does not preclude a judgment for
declaratory relief in cases where it is appropriate. The court may
order a speedy hearing of an action for a declaratory judgment
and may advance it on the calendar.
(As amended Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct. 20, 1949.)
Rule 58. Entry of Judgment
Subject to the provisions of Rule 54(b): (1) upon a general verdict
of a jury, or upon a decision by the court that a party shall re-
cover only a sum certain or costs or that all relief shall be denied,
the clerk, unless the court otherwise orders, shall forthwith pre-
pare, sign, and enter the judgment without awaiting any direction
by the court; (2) upon a decision by the court granting other relief,
or upon a special verdict or a general verdict accompanied by an-
swers to interrogatories, the court shall promptly approve the
form of the judgment, and the clerk shall thereupon enter it.
Every judgment shall be set forth on a separate document. A judg-
ment is effective only when so set forth and when entered as pro-
vided in Rule 79(a). Entry of the judgment shall not be delayed,

Rule 59 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 70

nor the time for appeal extended, in order to tax costs or award
fees, except that, when a timely motion for attorneys' fees is
made under Rule 54(d)(2), the court, before a notice of appeal has
been filed and has become effective, may order that the motion
have the same effect under Rule 4(a)(4) of the Federal Rules of Ap-
pellate Procedure as a timely motion under Rule 59. Attorneys
shall not submit forms of judgment except upon direction of the
court, and these directions shall not be given as a matter of
course.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July
1, 1963; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Rule 59. New Trials; Amendment of Judgments
(a) GROUNDS. A new trial may be granted to all or any of the
parties and on all or part of the issues (1) in an action in which
there has been a trial by jury, for any of the reasons for which new
trials have heretofore been granted in actions at law in the courts
of the United States; and (2) in an action tried without a jury, for
any of the reasons for which rehearings have heretofore been
granted in suits in equity in the courts of the United States. On
a motion for a new trial in an action tried without a jury, the
court may open the judgment if one has been entered, take addi-
tional testimony, amend findings of fact and conclusions of law or
make new findings and conclusions, and direct the entry of a new
judgment.
(b) TIME FOR MOTION. Any motion for a new trial shall be filed
no later than 10 days after entry of the judgment.
(c) TIME FOR SERVING AFFIDAVITS. When a motion for new trial
is based on affidavits, they shall be filed with the motion. The op-
posing party has 10 days after service to file opposing affidavits,
but that period may be extended for up to 20 days, either by the
court for good cause or by the parties' written stipulation. The
court may permit reply affidavits.
(d) ON COURT'S INITIATIVE; NOTICE; SPECIFYING GROUNDS. No
later than 10 days after entry of judgment the court, on its own,
may order a new trial for any reason that would justify granting
one on a party's motion. After giving the parties notice and an op-
portunity to be heard, the court may grant a timely motion for
a new trial for a reason not stated in the motion. When granting
a new trial on its own initiative or for a reason not stated in a mo-
tion, the court shall specify the grounds in its order.
(e) MOTION TO ALTER OR AMEND JUDGMENT. Any motion to alter
or amend a judgment shall be filed no later than 10 days after
entry of the judgment.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July
1, 1966; Apr. 27, 1995, eff. Dec. 1, 1995.)
Rule 60. Relief From Judgment or Order
(a) CLERICAL MISTAKES. Clerical mistakes in judgments, orders
or other parts of the record and errors therein arising from over-
sight or omission may be corrected by the court at any time of its
own initiative or on the motion of any party and after such no-
tice, if any, as the court orders. During the pendency of an appeal,
such mistakes may be so corrected before the appeal is docketed

71 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 62

in the appellate court, and thereafter while the appeal is pending
may be so corrected with leave of the appellate court.
(b) MISTAKES; INADVERTENCE; EXCUSABLE NEGLECT; NEWLY DIS-
COVERED EVIDENCE; FRAUD, ETC. On motion and upon such terms
as are just, the court may relieve a party or a party's legal rep-
resentative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the fol-
lowing reasons: (1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable
neglect; (2) newly discovered evidence which by due diligence
could not have been discovered in time to move for a new trial
under Rule 59(b); (3) fraud (whether heretofore denominated in-
trinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation, or other misconduct of an
adverse party; (4) the judgment is void; (5) the judgment has been
satisfied, released, or discharged, or a prior judgment upon which
it is based has been reversed or otherwise vacated, or it is no
longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective appli-
cation; or (6) any other reason justifying relief from the operation
of the judgment. The motion shall be made within a reasonable
time, and for reasons (1), (2), and (3) not more than one year after
the judgment, order, or proceeding was entered or taken. A mo-
tion under this subdivision (b) does not affect the finality of a
judgment or suspend its operation. This rule does not limit the
power of a court to entertain an independent action to relieve a
party from a judgment, order, or proceeding, or to grant relief to
a defendant not actually personally notified as provided in Title
28, U.S.C., § 1655, or to set aside a judgment for fraud upon the
court. Writs of coram nobis, coram vobis, audita querela, and bills
of review and bills in the nature of a bill of review, are abolished,
and the procedure for obtaining any relief from a judgment shall
be by motion as prescribed in these rules or by an independent
action.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct.
20, 1949; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987.)
Rule 61. Harmless Error
No error in either the admission or the exclusion of evidence and
no error or defect in any ruling or order or in anything done or
omitted by the court or by any of the parties is ground for grant-
ing a new trial or for setting aside a verdict or for vacating, modi-
fying, or otherwise disturbing a judgment or order, unless refusal
to take such action appears to the court inconsistent with sub-
stantial justice. The court at every stage of the proceeding must
disregard any error or defect in the proceeding which does not af-
fect the substantial rights of the parties.
Rule 62. Stay of Proceedings To Enforce a Judgment
(a) AUTOMATIC STAY; EXCEPTIONS-INJUNCTIONS, RECEIVERSHIPS,
AND PATENT ACCOUNTINGS. Except as stated herein, no execution
shall issue upon a judgment nor shall proceedings be taken for its
enforcement until the expiration of 10 days after its entry. Unless
otherwise ordered by the court, an interlocutory or final judgment
in an action for an injunction or in a receivership action, or a
judgment or order directing an accounting in an action for in-
fringement of letters patent, shall not be stayed during the period
after its entry and until an appeal is taken or during the pendency

Rule 62 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 72

of an appeal. The provisions of subdivision (c) of this rule govern
the suspending, modifying, restoring, or granting of an injunction
during the pendency of an appeal.
(b) STAY ON MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL OR FOR JUDGMENT. In its dis-
cretion and on such conditions for the security of the adverse
party as are proper, the court may stay the execution of or any
proceedings to enforce a judgment pending the disposition of a
motion for a new trial or to alter or amend a judgment made pur-
suant to Rule 59, or of a motion for relief from a judgment or
order made pursuant to Rule 60, or of a motion for judgment in ac-
cordance with a motion for a directed verdict made pursuant to
Rule 50, or of a motion for amendment to the findings or for addi-
tional findings made pursuant to Rule 52(b).
(c) INJUNCTION PENDING APPEAL. When an appeal is taken from
an interlocutory or final judgment granting, dissolving, or deny-
ing an injunction, the court in its discretion may suspend, modify,
restore, or grant an injunction during the pendency of the appeal
upon such terms as to bond or otherwise as it considers proper for
the security of the rights of the adverse party. If the judgment ap-
pealed from is rendered by a district court of three judges spe-
cially constituted pursuant to a statute of the United States, no
such order shall be made except (1) by such court sitting in open
court or (2) by the assent of all the judges of such court evidenced
by their signatures to the order.
(d) STAY UPON APPEAL. When an appeal is taken the appellant
by giving a supersedeas bond may obtain a stay subject to the ex-
ceptions contained in subdivision (a) of this rule. The bond may
be given at or after the time of filing the notice of appeal or of
procuring the order allowing the appeal, as the case may be. The
stay is effective when the supersedeas bond is approved by the
court.
(e) STAY IN FAVOR OF THE UNITED STATES OR AGENCY THEREOF.
When an appeal is taken by the United States or an officer or
agency thereof or by direction of any department of the Govern-
ment of the United States and the operation or enforcement of the
judgment is stayed, no bond, obligation, or other security shall be
required from the appellant.
(f) STAY ACCORDING TO STATE LAW. In any state in which a judg-
ment is a lien upon the property of the judgment debtor and in
which the judgment debtor is entitled to a stay of execution, a
judgment debtor is entitled, in the district court held therein, to
such stay as would be accorded the judgment debtor had the ac-
tion been maintained in the courts of that state.
(g) POWER OF APPELLATE COURT NOT LIMITED. The provisions in
this rule do not limit any power of an appellate court or of a judge
or justice thereof to stay proceedings during the pendency of an
appeal or to suspend, modify, restore, or grant an injunction dur-
ing the pendency of an appeal or to make any order appropriate
to preserve the status quo or the effectiveness of the judgment
subsequently to be entered.
(h) STAY OF JUDGMENT AS TO MULTIPLE CLAIMS OR MULTIPLE
PARTIES. When a court has ordered a final judgment under the
conditions stated in Rule 54(b), the court may stay enforcement of
that judgment until the entering of a subsequent judgment or
judgments and may prescribe such conditions as are necessary to

73 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 65

secure the benefit thereof to the party in whose favor the judg-
ment is entered.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct.
20, 1949; Apr. 17, 1961, eff. July 19, 1961; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1,
1987.)
Rule 63. Inability of a Judge to Proceed
If a trial or hearing has been commenced and the judge is unable
to proceed, any other judge may proceed with it upon certifying
familiarity with the record and determining that the proceedings
in the case may be completed without prejudice to the parties. In
a hearing or trial without a jury, the successor judge shall at the
request of a party recall any witness whose testimony is material
and disputed and who is available to testify again without undue
burden. The successor judge may also recall any other witness.
(As amended Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec.
1, 1991.)

VIII. PROVISIONAL AND FINAL REMEDIES
Rule 64. Seizure of Person or Property
At the commencement of and during the course of an action, all
remedies providing for seizure of person or property for the pur-
pose of securing satisfaction of the judgment ultimately to be en-
tered in the action are available under the circumstances and in
the manner provided by the law of the state in which the district
court is held, existing at the time the remedy is sought, subject
to the following qualifications: (1) any existing statute of the
United States governs to the extent to which it is applicable; (2)
the action in which any of the foregoing remedies is used shall be
commenced and prosecuted or, if removed from a state court, shall
be prosecuted after removal, pursuant to these rules. The rem-
edies thus available include arrest, attachment, garnishment, re-
plevin, sequestration, and other corresponding or equivalent rem-
edies, however designated and regardless of whether by state pro-
cedure the remedy is ancillary to an action or must be obtained
by an independent action.
Rule 65. Injunctions
(a) PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION.
(1) Notice. No preliminary injunction shall be issued without
notice to the adverse party.
(2) Consolidation of Hearing With Trial on Merits. Before or
after the commencement of the hearing of an application for
a preliminary injunction, the court may order the trial of the
action on the merits to be advanced and consolidated with the
hearing of the application. Even when this consolidation is not
ordered, any evidence received upon an application for a pre-
liminary injunction which would be admissible upon the trial
on the merits becomes part of the record on the trial and need
not be repeated upon the trial. This subdivision (a)(2) shall be
so construed and applied as to save to the parties any rights
they may have to trial by jury.
(b) TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER; NOTICE; HEARING; DURATION.
A temporary restraining order may be granted without written or

Rule 65 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 74

oral notice to the adverse party or that party's attorney only if
(1) it clearly appears from specific facts shown by affidavit or by
the verified complaint that immediate and irreparable injury,
loss, or damage will result to the applicant before the adverse
party or that party's attorney can be heard in opposition, and (2)
the applicant's attorney certifies to the court in writing the ef-
forts, if any, which have been made to give the notice and the rea-
sons supporting the claim that notice should not be required.
Every temporary restraining order granted without notice shall
be indorsed with the date and hour of issuance; shall be filed
forthwith in the clerk's office and entered of record; shall define
the injury and state why it is irreparable and why the order was
granted without notice; and shall expire by its terms within such
time after entry, not to exceed 10 days, as the court fixes, unless
within the time so fixed the order, for good cause shown, is ex-
tended for a like period or unless the party against whom the
order is directed consents that it may be extended for a longer pe-
riod. The reasons for the extension shall be entered of record. In
case a temporary restraining order is granted without notice, the
motion for a preliminary injunction shall be set down for hearing
at the earliest possible time and takes precedence of all matters
except older matters of the same character; and when the motion
comes on for hearing the party who obtained the temporary re-
straining order shall proceed with the application for a prelimi-
nary injunction and, if the party does not do so, the court shall
dissolve the temporary restraining order. On 2 days' notice to the
party who obtained the temporary restraining order without no-
tice or on such shorter notice to that party as the court may pre-
scribe, the adverse party may appear and move its dissolution or
modification and in that event the court shall proceed to hear and
determine such motion as expeditiously as the ends of justice re-
quire.
(c) SECURITY. No restraining order or preliminary injunction
shall issue except upon the giving of security by the applicant, in
such sum as the court deems proper, for the payment of such costs
and damages as may be incurred or suffered by any party who is
found to have been wrongfully enjoined or restrained. No such se-
curity shall be required of the United States or of an officer or
agency thereof.
The provisions of Rule 65.1 apply to a surety upon a bond or
undertaking under this rule.
(d) FORM AND SCOPE OF INJUNCTION OR RESTRAINING ORDER.
Every order granting an injunction and every restraining order
shall set forth the reasons for its issuance; shall be specific in
terms; shall describe in reasonable detail, and not by reference to
the complaint or other document, the act or acts sought to be re-
strained; and is binding only upon the parties to the action, their
officers, agents, servants, employees, and attorneys, and upon
those persons in active concert or participation with them who re-
ceive actual notice of the order by personal service or otherwise.
(e) EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEE; INTERPLEADER; CONSTITUTIONAL
CASES. These rules do not modify any statute of the United States
relating to temporary restraining orders and preliminary injunc-
tions in actions affecting employer and employee; or the provi-
sions of Title 28, U.S.C., § 2361, relating to preliminary injunctions

75 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 67

in actions of interpleader or in the nature of interpleader; or Title
28, U.S.C., § 2284, relating to actions required by Act of Congress
to be heard and determined by a district court of three judges.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct.
20, 1949; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987.)
Rule 65.1. Security: Proceedings Against Sureties
Whenever these rules, including the Supplemental Rules for Cer-
tain Admiralty and Maritime Claims, require or permit the giving
of security by a party, and security is given in the form of a bond
or stipulation or other undertaking with one or more sureties,
each surety submits to the jurisdiction of the court and irrev-
ocably appoints the clerk of the court as the surety's agent upon
whom any papers affecting the surety's liability on the bond or
undertaking may be served. The surety's liability may be enforced
on motion without the necessity of an independent action. The
motion and such notice of the motion as the court prescribes may
be served on the clerk of the court, who shall forthwith mail cop-
ies to the sureties if their addresses are known.
(As added Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; amended Mar. 2, 1987, eff.
Aug. 1, 1987.)
Rule 66. Receivers Appointed by Federal Courts
An action wherein a receiver has been appointed shall not be
dismissed except by order of the court. The practice in the admin-
istration of estates by receivers or by other similar officers ap-
pointed by the court shall be in accordance with the practice here-
tofore followed in the courts of the United States or as provided
in rules promulgated by the district courts. In all other respects
the action in which the appointment of a receiver is sought or
which is brought by or against a receiver is governed by these
rules.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct.
20, 1949.)
Rule 67. Deposit in Court
In an action in which any part of the relief sought is a judgment
for a sum of money or the disposition of a sum of money or the
disposition of any other thing capable of delivery, a party, upon
notice to every other party, and by leave of court, may deposit
with the court all or any part of such sum or thing, whether or
not that party claims all or any part of the sum or thing. The
party making the deposit shall serve the order permitting deposit
on the clerk of the court. Money paid into court under this rule
shall be deposited and withdrawn in accordance with the provi-
sions of Title 28, U.S.C., §§ 2041, and 2042; the Act of June 26, 1934,
c. 756, § 23, as amended (48 Stat. 1236, 58 Stat. 845), U.S.C., Title 31,
§ 725v; 1 or any like statute. The fund shall be deposited in an in-
terest-bearing account or invested in an interest-bearing instru-
ment approved by the court.

1 Repealed and reenacted as 28 U.S.C. §§ 572a and 2043 by Public Law 97258, §§ 2(g)(3)(B), (4)(E), 5(b),
Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1061, 1068.

Rule 68 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 76

(As amended Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct. 20, 1949; Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug.
1, 1983.)
Rule 68. Offer of Judgment
At any time more than 10 days before the trial begins, a party
defending against a claim may serve upon the adverse party an
offer to allow judgment to be taken against the defending party
for the money or property or to the effect specified in the offer,
with costs then accrued. If within 10 days after the service of the
offer the adverse party serves written notice that the offer is ac-
cepted, either party may then file the offer and notice of accept-
ance together with proof of service thereof and thereupon the
clerk shall enter judgment. An offer not accepted shall be deemed
withdrawn and evidence thereof is not admissible except in a pro-
ceeding to determine costs. If the judgment finally obtained by
the offeree is not more favorable than the offer, the offeree must
pay the costs incurred after the making of the offer. The fact that
an offer is made but not accepted does not preclude a subsequent
offer. When the liability of one party to another has been deter-
mined by verdict or order or judgment, but the amount or extent
of the liability remains to be determined by further proceedings,
the party adjudged liable may make an offer of judgment, which
shall have the same effect as an offer made before trial if it is
served within a reasonable time not less than 10 days prior to the
commencement of hearings to determine the amount or extent of
liability.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July
1, 1966; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987.)
Rule 69. Execution
(a) IN GENERAL. Process to enforce a judgment for the payment
of money shall be a writ of execution, unless the court directs
otherwise. The procedure on execution, in proceedings supple-
mentary to and in aid of a judgment, and in proceedings on and
in aid of execution shall be in accordance with the practice and
procedure of the state in which the district court is held, existing
at the time the remedy is sought, except that any statute of the
United States governs to the extent that it is applicable. In aid of
the judgment or execution, the judgment creditor or a successor
in interest when that interest appears of record, may obtain dis-
covery from any person, including the judgment debtor, in the
manner provided in these rules or in the manner provided by the
practice of the state in which the district court is held.
(b) AGAINST CERTAIN PUBLIC OFFICERS. When a judgment has
been entered against a collector or other officer of revenue under
the circumstances stated in Title 28, U.S.C., § 2006, or against an
officer of Congress in an action mentioned in the Act of March 3,
1875, ch. 130, § 8 (18 Stat. 401), U.S.C., Title 2, § 118, and when the
court has given the certificate of probable cause for the officer's
act as provided in those statutes, execution shall not issue against
the officer or the officer's property but the final judgment shall
be satisfied as provided in such statutes.
(As amended Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct. 20, 1949; Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July
1, 1970; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987.)

77 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 71A

Rule 70. Judgment for Specific Acts; Vesting Title
If a judgment directs a party to execute a conveyance of land or
to deliver deeds or other documents or to perform any other spe-
cific act and the party fails to comply within the time specified,
the court may direct the act to be done at the cost of the disobe-
dient party by some other person appointed by the court and the
act when so done has like effect as if done by the party. On appli-
cation of the party entitled to performance, the clerk shall issue
a writ of attachment or sequestration against the property of the
disobedient party to compel obedience to the judgment. The court
may also in proper cases adjudge the party in contempt. If real or
personal property is within the district, the court in lieu of direct-
ing a conveyance thereof may enter a judgment divesting the title
of any party and vesting it in others and such judgment has the
effect of a conveyance executed in due form of law. When any
order or judgment is for the delivery of possession, the party in
whose favor it is entered is entitled to a writ of execution or as-
sistance upon application to the clerk.
Rule 71. Process in Behalf of and Against Persons Not Parties
When an order is made in favor of a person who is not a party
to the action, that person may enforce obedience to the order by
the same process as if a party; and, when obedience to an order
may be lawfully enforced against a person who is not a party, that
person is liable to the same process for enforcing obedience to the
order as if a party.
(As amended Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987.)

IX. SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS
Rule 71A. Condemnation of Property
(a) APPLICABILITY OF OTHER RULES. The Rules of Civil Procedure
for the United States District Courts govern the procedure for the
condemnation of real and personal property under the power of
eminent domain, except as otherwise provided in this rule.
(b) JOINDER OF PROPERTIES. The plaintiff may join in the same
action one or more separate pieces of property, whether in the
same or different ownership and whether or not sought for the
same use.
(c) COMPLAINT.
(1) Caption. The complaint shall contain a caption as pro-
vided in Rule 10(a), except that the plaintiff shall name as de-
fendants the property, designated generally by kind, quantity,
and location, and at least one of the owners of some part of or
interest in the property.
(2) Contents. The complaint shall contain a short and plain
statement of the authority for the taking, the use for which
the property is to be taken, a description of the property suffi-
cient for its identification, the interests to be acquired, and as
to each separate piece of property a designation of the defend-
ants who have been joined as owners thereof or of some inter-
est therein. Upon the commencement of the action, the plain-
tiff need join as defendants only the persons having or claim-
ing an interest in the property whose names are then known,

Rule 71A FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 78

but prior to any hearing involving the compensation to be
paid for a piece of property, the plaintiff shall add as defend-
ants all persons having or claiming an interest in that prop-
erty whose names can be ascertained by a reasonably diligent
search of the records, considering the character and value of
the property involved and the interests to be acquired, and
also those whose names have otherwise been learned. All oth-
ers may be made defendants under the designation ``Unknown
Owners.'' Process shall be served as provided in subdivision (d)
of this rule upon all defendants, whether named as defendants
at the time of the commencement of the action or subse-
quently added, and a defendant may answer as provided in sub-
division (e) of this rule. The court meanwhile may order such
distribution of a deposit as the facts warrant.
(3) Filing. In addition to filing the complaint with the court,
the plaintiff shall furnish to the clerk at least one copy there-
of for the use of the defendants and additional copies at the re-
quest of the clerk or of a defendant.
(d) PROCESS.
(1) Notice; Delivery. Upon the filing of the complaint the
plaintiff shall forthwith deliver to the clerk joint or several
notices directed to the defendants named or designated in the
complaint. Additional notices directed to defendants subse-
quently added shall be so delivered. The delivery of the notice
and its service have the same effect as the delivery and service
of the summons under Rule 4.
(2) Same; Form. Each notice shall state the court, the title of
the action, the name of the defendant to whom it is directed,
that the action is to condemn property, a description of the
defendant's property sufficient for its identification, the inter-
est to be taken, the authority for the taking, the uses for
which the property is to be taken, that the defendant may
serve upon the plaintiff's attorney an answer within 20 days
after service of the notice, and that the failure so to serve an
answer constitutes a consent to the taking and to the author-
ity of the court to proceed to hear the action and to fix the
compensation. The notice shall conclude with the name of the
plaintiff's attorney and an address within the district in which
action is brought where the attorney may be served. The no-
tice need contain a description of no other property than that
to be taken from the defendants to whom it is directed.
(3) Service of Notice.
(A) Personal Service. Personal service of the notice (but
without copies of the complaint) shall be made in accord-
ance with Rule 4 upon a defendant whose residence is
known and who resides within the United States or a terri-
tory subject to the administrative or judicial jurisdiction
of the United States.
(B) Service by Publication. Upon the filing of a certifi-
cate of the plaintiff's attorney stating that the attorney
believes a defendant cannot be personally served, because
after diligent inquiry within the state in which the com-
plaint is filed the defendant's place of residence cannot be
ascertained by the plaintiff or, if ascertained, that it is be-
yond the territorial limits of personal service as provided

79 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 71A

in this rule, service of the notice shall be made on this de-
fendant by publication in a newspaper published in the
county where the property is located, or if there is no such
newspaper, then in a newspaper having a general circula-
tion where the property is located, once a week for not less
than three successive weeks. Prior to the last publication,
a copy of the notice shall also be mailed to a defendant
who cannot be personally served as provided in this rule
but whose place of residence is then known. Unknown own-
ers may be served by publication in like manner by a no-
tice addressed to ``Unknown Owners.''
Service by publication is complete upon the date of the
last publication. Proof of publication and mailing shall be
made by certificate of the plaintiff's attorney, to which
shall be attached a printed copy of the published notice
with the name and dates of the newspaper marked thereon.
(4) Return; Amendment. Proof of service of the notice shall be
made and amendment of the notice or proof of its service al-
lowed in the manner provided for the return and amendment
of the summons under Rule 4.
(e) APPEARANCE OR ANSWER. If a defendant has no objection or
defense to the taking of the defendant's property, the defendant
may serve a notice of appearance designating the property in
which the defendant claims to be interested. Thereafter, the de-
fendant shall receive notice of all proceedings affecting it. If a de-
fendant has any objection or defense to the taking of the property,
the defendant shall serve an answer within 20 days after the serv-
ice of notice upon the defendant. The answer shall identify the
property in which the defendant claims to have an interest, state
the nature and extent of the interest claimed, and state all the de-
fendant's objections and defenses to the taking of the property. A
defendant waives all defenses and objections not so presented, but
at the trial of the issue of just compensation, whether or not the
defendant has previously appeared or answered, the defendant
may present evidence as to the amount of the compensation to be
paid for the property, and the defendant may share in the dis-
tribution of the award. No other pleading or motion asserting any
additional defense or objection shall be allowed.
(f) AMENDMENT OF PLEADINGS. Without leave of court, the plain-
tiff may amend the complaint at any time before the trial of the
issue of compensation and as many times as desired, but no
amendment shall be made which will result in a dismissal forbid-
den by subdivision (i) of this rule. The plaintiff need not serve a
copy of an amendment, but shall serve notice of the filing, as pro-
vided in Rule 5(b), upon any party affected thereby who has ap-
peared and, in the manner provided in subdivision (d) of this rule,
upon any party affected thereby who has not appeared. The plain-
tiff shall furnish to the clerk of the court for the use of the de-
fendants at least one copy of each amendment and shall furnish
additional copies on the request of the clerk or of a defendant.
Within the time allowed by subdivision (e) of this rule a defendant
may serve an answer to the amended pleading, in the form and
manner and with the same effect as there provided.
(g) SUBSTITUTION OF PARTIES. If a defendant dies or becomes in-
competent or transfers an interest after the defendant's joinder,

Rule 71A FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 80

the court may order substitution of the proper party upon motion
and notice of hearing. If the motion and notice of hearing are to
be served upon a person not already a party, service shall be made
as provided in subdivision (d)(3) of this rule.
(h) TRIAL. If the action involves the exercise of the power of
eminent domain under the law of the United States, any tribunal
specially constituted by an Act of Congress governing the case for
the trial of the issue of just compensation shall be the tribunal for
the determination of that issue; but if there is no such specially
constituted tribunal any party may have a trial by jury of the
issue of just compensation by filing a demand therefor within the
time allowed for answer or within such further time as the court
may fix, unless the court in its discretion orders that, because of
the character, location, or quantity of the property to be con-
demned, or for other reasons in the interest of justice, the issue
of compensation shall be determined by a commission of three
persons appointed by it.
In the event that a commission is appointed the court may di-
rect that not more than two additional persons serve as alternate
commissioners to hear the case and replace commissioners who,
prior to the time when a decision is filed, are found by the court
to be unable or disqualified to perform their duties. An alternate
who does not replace a regular commissioner shall be discharged
after the commission renders its final decision. Before appointing
the members of the commission and alternates the court shall ad-
vise the parties of the identity and qualifications of each prospec-
tive commissioner and alternate and may permit the parties to
examine each such designee. The parties shall not be permitted or
required by the court to suggest nominees. Each party shall have
the right to object for valid cause to the appointment of any per-
son as a commissioner or alternate. If a commission is appointed
it shall have the powers of a master provided in subdivision (c) of
Rule 53 and proceedings before it shall be governed by the provi-
sions of paragraphs (1) and (2) of subdivision (d) of Rule 53. Its ac-
tion and report shall be determined by a majority and its findings
and report shall have the effect, and be dealt with by the court in
accordance with the practice, prescribed in paragraph (2) of sub-
division (e) of Rule 53. Trial of all issues shall otherwise be by the
court.
(i) DISMISSAL OF ACTION.
(1) As of Right. If no hearing has begun to determine the
compensation to be paid for a piece of property and the plain-
tiff has not acquired the title or a lesser interest in or taken
possession, the plaintiff may dismiss the action as to that
property, without an order of the court, by filing a notice of
dismissal setting forth a brief description of the property as to
which the action is dismissed.
(2) By Stipulation. Before the entry of any judgment vesting
the plaintiff with title or a lesser interest in or possession of
property, the action may be dismissed in whole or in part,
without an order of the court, as to any property by filing a
stipulation of dismissal by the plaintiff and the defendant af-
fected thereby; and, if the parties so stipulate, the court may
vacate any judgment that has been entered.

81 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 72

(3) By Order of the Court. At any time before compensation
for a piece of property has been determined and paid and after
motion and hearing, the court may dismiss the action as to
that property, except that it shall not dismiss the action as to
any part of the property of which the plaintiff has taken pos-
session or in which the plaintiff has taken title or a lesser in-
terest, but shall award just compensation for the possession,
title or lesser interest so taken. The court at any time may
drop a defendant unnecessarily or improperly joined.
(4) Effect. Except as otherwise provided in the notice, or stip-
ulation of dismissal, or order of the court, any dismissal is
without prejudice.
(j) DEPOSIT AND ITS DISTRIBUTION. The plaintiff shall deposit
with the court any money required by law as a condition to the
exercise of the power of eminent domain; and, although not so re-
quired, may make a deposit when permitted by statute. In such
cases the court and attorneys shall expedite the proceedings for
the distribution of the money so deposited and for the ascertain-
ment and payment of just compensation. If the compensation fi-
nally awarded to any defendant exceeds the amount which has
been paid to that defendant on distribution of the deposit, the
court shall enter judgment against the plaintiff and in favor of
that defendant for the deficiency. If the compensation finally
awarded to any defendant is less than the amount which has been
paid to that defendant, the court shall enter judgment against
that defendant and in favor of the plaintiff for the overpayment.
(k) CONDEMNATION UNDER A STATE'S POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN.
The practice as herein prescribed governs in actions involving the
exercise of the power of eminent domain under the law of a state,
provided that if the state law makes provision for trial of any
issue by jury, or for trial of the issue of compensation by jury or
commission or both, that provision shall be followed.
(l) COSTS. Costs are not subject to Rule 54(d).
(As added Apr. 30, 1951, eff. Aug. 1, 1951; amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff.
July 1, 1963; Apr. 29, 1985, eff. Aug. 1, 1985; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug.
1, 1987; Apr. 25, 1988, eff. Aug. 1, 1988; Nov. 18, 1988; Apr. 22, 1993, eff.
Dec. 1, 1993.)
Rule 72. Magistrate Judges; Pretrial Orders
(a) NONDISPOSITIVE MATTERS. A magistrate judge to whom a pre-
trial matter not dispositive of a claim or defense of a party is re-
ferred to hear and determine shall promptly conduct such proceed-
ings as are required and when appropriate enter into the record a
written order setting forth the disposition of the matter. Within
10 days after being served with a copy of the magistrate judge's
order, a party may serve and file objections to the order; a party
may not thereafter assign as error a defect in the magistrate
judge's order to which objection was not timely made. The district
judge to whom the case is assigned shall consider such objections
and shall modify or set aside any portion of the magistrate judge's
order found to be clearly erroneous or contrary to law.
(b) DISPOSITIVE MOTIONS AND PRISONER PETITIONS. A magistrate
judge assigned without consent of the parties to hear a pretrial
matter dispositive of a claim or defense of a party or a prisoner

Rule 73 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 82

petition challenging the conditions of confinement shall promptly
conduct such proceedings as are required. A record shall be made
of all evidentiary proceedings before the magistrate judge, and a
record may be made of such other proceedings as the magistrate
judge deems necessary. The magistrate judge shall enter into the
record a recommendation for disposition of the matter, including
proposed findings of fact when appropriate. The clerk shall forth-
with mail copies to all parties.
A party objecting to the recommended disposition of the matter
shall promptly arrange for the transcription of the record, or por-
tions of it as all parties may agree upon or the magistrate judge
deems sufficient, unless the district judge otherwise directs. With-
in 10 days after being served with a copy of the recommended dis-
position, a party may serve and file specific, written objections to
the proposed findings and recommendations. A party may respond
to another party's objections within 10 days after being served
with a copy thereof. The district judge to whom the case is as-
signed shall make a de novo determination upon the record, or
after additional evidence, of any portion of the magistrate judge's
disposition to which specific written objection has been made in
accordance with this rule. The district judge may accept, reject,
or modify the recommended decision, receive further evidence, or
recommit the matter to the magistrate judge with instructions.
(As added Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug. 1, 1983; amended Apr. 30, 1991, eff.
Dec. 1, 1991; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Rule 73. Magistrate Judges; Trial by Consent and Appeal
(a) POWERS; PROCEDURE. When specially designated to exercise
such jurisdiction by local rule or order of the district court and
when all parties consent thereto, a magistrate judge may exercise
the authority provided by Title 28, U.S.C. § 636(c) and may conduct
any or all proceedings, including a jury or nonjury trial, in a civil
case. A record of the proceedings shall be made in accordance with
the requirements of Title 28, U.S.C. § 636(c)(5).
(b) CONSENT. When a magistrate judge has been designated to ex-
ercise civil trial jurisdiction, the clerk shall give written notice
to the parties of their opportunity to consent to the exercise by
a magistrate judge of civil jurisdiction over the case, as author-
ized by Title 28, U.S.C. § 636(c). If, within the period specified by
local rule, the parties agree to a magistrate judge's exercise of
such authority, they shall execute and file a joint form of consent
or separate forms of consent setting forth such election.
A district judge, magistrate judge, or other court official may
again advise the parties of the availability of the magistrate
judge, but, in so doing, shall also advise the parties that they are
free to withhold consent without adverse substantive conse-
quences. A district judge or magistrate judge shall not be in-
formed of a party's response to the clerk's notification, unless all
parties have consented to the referral of the matter to a mag-
istrate judge.
The district judge, for good cause shown on the judge's own ini-
tiative, or under extraordinary circumstances shown by a party,
may vacate a reference of a civil matter to a magistrate judge
under this subdivision.

83 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 77

(c) APPEAL. In accordance with Title 28, U.S.C. § 636(c)(3), appeal
from a judgment entered upon direction of a magistrate judge in
proceedings under this rule will lie to the court of appeals as it
would from a judgment of the district court.
[(d) OPTIONAL APPEAL ROUTE.] (Abrogated Apr. 11, 1997, eff. Dec.
1, 1997)
(As added Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug. 1, 1983; amended Mar. 2, 1987, eff.
Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993; Apr. 11, 1997, eff. Dec.
1, 1997.)
[Rule 74. Method of Appeal From Magistrate Judge to District
Judge Under Title 28, U.S.C. § 636(c)(4) and Rule 73(d)] (Abro-
gated Apr. 11, 1997, eff. Dec. 1, 1997)
[Rule 75. Proceedings on Appeal From Magistrate Judge to District
Judge Under Rule 73(d)] (Abrogated Apr. 11, 1997, eff. Dec. 1,
1997)
[Rule 76. Judgment of the District Judge on the Appeal Under Rule
73(d) and Costs] (Abrogated Apr. 11, 1997, eff. Dec. 1, 1997)

X. DISTRICT COURTS AND CLERKS
Rule 77. District Courts and Clerks
(a) DISTRICT COURTS ALWAYS OPEN. The district courts shall be
deemed always open for the purpose of filing any pleading or other
proper paper, of issuing and returning mesne and final process,
and of making and directing all interlocutory motions, orders, and
rules.
(b) TRIALS AND HEARINGS; ORDERS IN CHAMBERS. All trials upon
the merits shall be conducted in open court and so far as conven-
ient in a regular court room. All other acts or proceedings may be
done or conducted by a judge in chambers, without the attendance
of the clerk or other court officials and at any place either within
or without the district; but no hearing, other than one ex parte,
shall be conducted outside the district without the consent of all
parties affected thereby.
(c) CLERK'S OFFICE AND ORDERS BY CLERK. The clerk's office with
the clerk or a deputy in attendance shall be open during business
hours on all days except Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays,
but a district court may provide by local rule or order that its
clerk's office shall be open for specified hours on Saturdays or par-
ticular legal holidays other than New Year's Day, Birthday of
Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day,
Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day,
Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. All motions and applica-
tions in the clerk's office for issuing mesne process, for issuing
final process to enforce and execute judgments, for entering de-
faults or judgments by default, and for other proceedings which do
not require allowance or order of the court are grantable of course
by the clerk; but the clerk's action may be suspended or altered
or rescinded by the court upon cause shown.
(d) NOTICE OF ORDERS OR JUDGMENTS. Immediately upon the
entry of an order or judgment the clerk shall serve a notice of the
entry by mail in the manner provided for in Rule 5 upon each

Rule 78 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 84

party who is not in default for failure to appear, and shall make
a note in the docket of the mailing. Any party may in addition
serve a notice of such entry in the manner provided in Rule 5 for
the service of papers. Lack of notice of the entry by the clerk does
not affect the time to appeal or relieve or authorize the court to
relieve a party for failure to appeal within the time allowed, ex-
cept as permitted in Rule 4(a) of the Federal Rules of Appellate
Procedure.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July
1, 1963; Dec. 4, 1967, eff. July 1, 1968; Mar. 1, 1971, eff. July 1, 1971;
Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991.)
Rule 78. Motion Day
Unless local conditions make it impracticable, each district
court shall establish regular times and places, at intervals suffi-
ciently frequent for the prompt dispatch of business, at which mo-
tions requiring notice and hearing may be heard and disposed of;
but the judge at any time or place and on such notice, if any, as
the judge considers reasonable may make orders for the advance-
ment, conduct, and hearing of actions.
To expedite its business, the court may make provision by rule
or order for the submission and determination of motions without
oral hearing upon brief written statements of reasons in support
and opposition.
(As amended Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987.)
Rule 79. Books and Records Kept by the Clerk and Entries Therein
(a) CIVIL DOCKET. The clerk shall keep a book known as ``civil
docket'' of such form and style as may be prescribed by the Direc-
tor of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts with
the approval of the Judicial Conference of the United States, and
shall enter therein each civil action to which these rules are made
applicable. Actions shall be assigned consecutive file numbers.
The file number of each action shall be noted on the folio of the
docket whereon the first entry of the action is made. All papers
filed with the clerk, all process issued and returns made thereon,
all appearances, orders, verdicts, and judgments shall be entered
chronologically in the civil docket on the folio assigned to the ac-
tion and shall be marked with its file number. These entries shall
be brief but shall show the nature of each paper filed or writ is-
sued and the substance of each order or judgment of the court and
of the returns showing execution of process. The entry of an order
or judgment shall show the date the entry is made. When in an ac-
tion trial by jury has been properly demanded or ordered the clerk
shall enter the word ``jury'' on the folio assigned to that action.
(b) CIVIL JUDGMENTS AND ORDERS. The clerk shall keep, in such
form and manner as the Director of the Administrative Office of
the United States Courts with the approval of the Judicial Con-
ference of the United States may prescribe, a correct copy of
every final judgment or appealable order, or order affecting title
to or lien upon real or personal property, and any other order
which the court may direct to be kept.
(c) INDICES; CALENDARS. Suitable indices of the civil docket and
of every civil judgment and order referred to in subdivision (b) of

85 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 81

this rule shall be kept by the clerk under the direction of the
court. There shall be prepared under the direction of the court cal-
endars of all actions ready for trial, which shall distinguish ``jury
actions'' from ``court actions.''
(d) OTHER BOOKS AND RECORDS OF THE CLERK. The clerk shall
also keep such other books and records as may be required from
time to time by the Director of the Administrative Office of the
United States Courts with the approval of the Judicial Conference
of the United States.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct.
20, 1949; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
Rule 80. Stenographer; Stenographic Report or Transcript as Evi-
dence
[(a) STENOGRAPHER.] (Abrogated Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948)
[(b) OFFICIAL STENOGRAPHER.] (Abrogated Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar.
19, 1948)
(c) STENOGRAPHIC REPORT OR TRANSCRIPT AS EVIDENCE. When-
ever the testimony of a witness at a trial or hearing which was
stenographically reported is admissible in evidence at a later
trial, it may be proved by the transcript thereof duly certified by
the person who reported the testimony.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948.)

XI. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Rule 81. Applicability in General
(a) TO WHAT PROCEEDINGS APPLICABLE.
(1) These rules do not apply to prize proceedings in admi-
ralty governed by Title 10, U.S.C., §§ 76517681. They do not
apply to proceedings in bankruptcy or proceedings in copy-
right under Title 17, U.S.C., except in so far as they may be
made applicable thereto by rules promulgated by the Supreme
Court of the United States. They do not apply to mental
health proceedings in the United States District Court for the
District of Columbia.
(2) These rules are applicable to proceedings for admission to
citizenship, habeas corpus, and quo warranto, to the extent
that the practice in such proceedings is not set forth in stat-
utes of the United States and has heretofore conformed to the
practice in civil actions. The writ of habeas corpus, or order
to show cause, shall be directed to the person having custody
of the person detained. It shall be returned within 3 days un-
less for good cause shown additional time is allowed which in
cases brought under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 shall not exceed 40 days,
and in all other cases shall not exceed 20 days.
(3) In proceedings under Title 9, U.S.C., relating to arbitra-
tion, or under the Act of May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 9 (44 Stat. 585),
U.S.C., Title 45, § 159, relating to boards of arbitration of rail-
way labor disputes, these rules apply only to the extent that
matters of procedure are not provided for in those statutes.
These rules apply to proceedings to compel the giving of testi-
mony or production of documents in accordance with a sub-
poena issued by an officer or agency of the United States

Rule 81 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 86

under any statute of the United States except as otherwise
provided by statute or by rules of the district court or by
order of the court in the proceedings.
(4) These rules do not alter the method prescribed by the Act
of February 18, 1922, ch. 57, § 2 (42 Stat. 388), U.S.C., Title 7,
§ 292; or by the Act of June 10, 1930, ch. 436, § 7 (46 Stat. 534),
as amended, U.S.C., Title 7, § 499g(c), for instituting proceed-
ings in the United States district courts to review orders of
the Secretary of Agriculture; or prescribed by the Act of June
25, 1934, ch. 742, § 2 (48 Stat. 1214), U.S.C., Title 15, § 522, for in-
stituting proceedings to review orders of the Secretary of the
Interior; or prescribed by the Act of February 22, 1935, ch. 18,
§ 5 (49 Stat. 31), U.S.C., Title 15, § 715d(c), as extended, for insti-
tuting proceedings to review orders of petroleum control
boards; but the conduct of such proceedings in the district
courts shall be made to conform to these rules so far as appli-
cable.
(5) These rules do not alter the practice in the United States
district courts prescribed in the Act of July 5, 1935, ch. 372, §§ 9
and 10 (49 Stat. 453), as amended, U.S.C., Title 29, §§ 159 and 160,
for beginning and conducting proceedings to enforce orders of
the National Labor Relations Board; and in respects not cov-
ered by those statutes, the practice in the district courts shall
conform to these rules so far as applicable.
(6) These rules apply to proceedings for enforcement or re-
view of compensation orders under the Longshoremen's and
Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, Act of March 4, 1927, c.
509, §§ 18, 21 (44 Stat. 1434, 1436), as amended, U.S.C., Title 33,
§§ 918, 921, except to the extent that matters of procedure are
provided for in that Act. The provisions for service by publica-
tion and for answer in proceedings to cancel certificates of
citizenship under the Act of June 27, 1952, c. 477, Title III, c.
2, § 340 (66 Stat. 260), U.S.C., Title 8, § 1451, remain in effect.
[(7)] (Abrogated Apr. 30, 1951, eff. Aug. 1, 1951)
(b) SCIRE FACIAS AND MANDAMUS. The writs of scire facias and
mandamus are abolished. Relief heretofore available by manda-
mus or scire facias may be obtained by appropriate action or by
appropriate motion under the practice prescribed in these rules.
(c) REMOVED ACTIONS. These rules apply to civil actions removed
to the United States district courts from the state courts and gov-
ern procedure after removal. Repleading is not necessary unless
the court so orders. In a removed action in which the defendant
has not answered, the defendant shall answer or present the other
defenses or objections available under these rules within 20 days
after the receipt through service or otherwise of a copy of the ini-
tial pleading setting forth the claim for relief upon which the ac-
tion or proceeding is based, or within 20 days after the service of
summons upon such initial pleading, then filed, or within 5 days
after the filing of the petition for removal, whichever period is
longest. If at the time of removal all necessary pleadings have
been served, a party entitled to trial by jury under Rule 38 shall
be accorded it, if the party's demand therefor is served within 10
days after the petition for removal is filed if the party is the peti-
tioner, or if not the petitioner within 10 days after service on the
party of the notice of filing the petition. A party who, prior to re-

87 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 83

moval, has made an express demand for trial by jury in accord-
ance with state law, need not make a demand after removal. If
state law applicable in the court from which the case is removed
does not require the parties to make express demands in order to
claim trial by jury, they need not make demands after removal
unless the court directs that they do so within a specified time if
they desire to claim trial by jury. The court may make this direc-
tion on its own motion and shall do so as a matter of course at
the request of any party. The failure of a party to make demand
as directed constitutes a waiver by that party of trial by jury.
[(d) DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA; COURTS AND JUDGES.] (Abrogated
Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct. 20, 1949)
(e) LAW APPLICABLE. Whenever in these rules the law of the
state in which the district court is held is made applicable, the
law applied in the District of Columbia governs proceedings in the
United States District Court for the District of Columbia. When
the word ``state'' is used, it includes, if appropriate, the District
of Columbia. When the term ``statute of the United States'' is
used, it includes, so far as concerns proceedings in the United
States District Court for the District of Columbia, any Act of Con-
gress locally applicable to and in force in the District of Colum-
bia. When the law of a state is referred to, the word ``law'' in-
cludes the statutes of that state and the state judicial decisions
construing them.
(f) REFERENCES TO OFFICER OF THE UNITED STATES. Under any
rule in which reference is made to an officer or agency of the
United States, the term ``officer'' includes a district director of in-
ternal revenue, a former district director or collector of internal
revenue, or the personal representative of a deceased district di-
rector or collector of internal revenue.
(As amended Dec. 28, 1939, eff. Apr. 3, 1941; Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar.
19, 1948; Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct. 20, 1949; Apr. 30, 1951, eff. Aug. 1, 1951;
Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Dec.
4, 1967, eff. July 1, 1968; Mar. 1, 1971, eff. July 1, 1971; Mar. 2, 1987,
eff. Aug. 1, 1987.)
Rule 82. Jurisdiction and Venue Unaffected
These rules shall not be construed to extend or limit the juris-
diction of the United States district courts or the venue of actions
therein. An admiralty or maritime claim within the meaning of
Rule 9(h) shall not be treated as a civil action for the purposes of
Title 28, U.S.C., §§ 139193.
(As amended Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct. 20, 1949; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July
1, 1966.)
Rule 83. Rules by District Courts; Judge's Directives
(a) LOCAL RULES.
(1) Each district court, acting by a majority of its district
judges, may, after giving appropriate public notice and an op-
portunity for comment, make and amend rules governing its
practice. A local rule shall be consistent with-but not dupli-
cative of-Acts of Congress and rules adopted under 28 U.S.C.
§§ 2072 and 2075, and shall conform to any uniform numbering
system prescribed by the Judicial Conference of the United

Rule 84 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 88

States. A local rule takes effect on the date specified by the
district court and remains in effect unless amended by the
court or abrogated by the judicial council of the circuit. Cop-
ies of rules and amendments shall, upon their promulgation,
be furnished to the judicial council and the Administrative Of-
fice of the United States Courts and be made available to the
public.
(2) A local rule imposing a requirement of form shall not be
enforced in a manner that causes a party to lose rights be-
cause of a nonwillful failure to comply with the requirement.
(b) PROCEDURES WHEN THERE IS NO CONTROLLING LAW. A judge
may regulate practice in any manner consistent with federal law,
rules adopted under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2072 and 2075, and local rules of the
district. No sanction or other disadvantage may be imposed for
noncompliance with any requirement not in federal law, federal
rules, or the local district rules unless the alleged violator has
been furnished in the particular case with actual notice of the re-
quirement.
(As amended Apr. 29, 1985, eff. Aug. 1, 1985; Apr. 27, 1995, eff. Dec.
1, 1995.)
Rule 84. Forms
The forms contained in the Appendix of Forms are sufficient
under the rules and are intended to indicate the simplicity and
brevity of statement which the rules contemplate.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948.)
Rule 85. Title
These rules may be known and cited as the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure.
Rule 86. Effective Date
(a) 1 [EFFECTIVE DATE OF ORIGINAL RULES.] These rules will take
effect on the day which is 3 months subsequent to the adjourn-
ment of the second regular session of the 75th Congress, but if that
day is prior to September 1, 1938, then these rules will take effect
on September 1, 1938. They govern all proceedings in actions
brought after they take effect and also all further proceedings in
actions then pending, except to the extent that in the opinion of
the court their application in a particular action pending when
the rules take effect would not be feasible or would work injus-
tice, in which event the former procedure applies.
(b) EFFECTIVE DATE OF AMENDMENTS. The amendments adopted
by the Supreme Court on December 27, 1946, and transmitted to
the Attorney General on January 2, 1947, shall take effect on the
day which is three months subsequent to the adjournment of the
first regular session of the 80th Congress, but, if that day is prior
to September 1, 1947, then these amendments shall take effect on
September 1, 1947. They govern all proceedings in actions brought
after they take effect and also all further proceedings in actions
then pending, except to the extent that in the opinion of the court
their application in a particular action pending when the amend-

1 Subdivision heading supplied editorially.

89 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 86

ments take effect would not be feasible or would work injustice,
in which event the former procedure applies.
(c) EFFECTIVE DATE OF AMENDMENTS. The amendments adopted
by the Supreme Court on December 29, 1948, and transmitted to
the Attorney General on December 31, 1948, shall take effect on
the day following the adjournment of the first regular session of
the 81st Congress.
(d) EFFECTIVE DATE OF AMENDMENTS. The amendments adopted
by the Supreme Court on April 17, 1961, and transmitted to the
Congress on April 18, 1961, shall take effect on July 19, 1961. They
govern all proceedings in actions brought after they take effect
and also all further proceedings in actions then pending, except to
the extent that in the opinion of the court their application in a
particular action pending when the amendments take effect would
not be feasible or would work injustice, in which event the former
procedure applies.
(e) EFFECTIVE DATE OF AMENDMENTS. The amendments adopted
by the Supreme Court on January 21, 1963, and transmitted to the
Congress on January 21, 1963, shall take effect on July 1, 1963.
They govern all proceedings in actions brought after they take ef-
fect and also all further proceedings in actions then pending, ex-
cept to the extent that in the opinion of the court their applica-
tion in a particular action pending when the amendments take ef-
fect would not be feasible or would work injustice, in which event
the former procedure applies.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct.
20, 1949; Apr. 17, 1961, eff. July 19, 1961; Jan. 21 and Mar. 18, 1963,
eff. July 1, 1963.)

APPENDIX OF FORMS
(See Rule 84)
Introductory Statement
1. The following forms are intended for illustration only. They are lim-
ited in number. No attempt is made to furnish a manual of forms. Each
form assumes the action to be brought in the Southern District of New
York. If the district in which an action is brought has divisions, the divi-
sion should be indicated in the caption.
2. Except where otherwise indicated each pleading, motion, and other
paper should have a caption similar to that of the summons, with the des-
ignation of the particular paper substituted for the word ``Summons''. In
the caption of the summons and in the caption of the complaint all parties
must be named but in other pleadings and papers, it is sufficient to state
the name of the first party on either side, with an appropriate indication
of other parties. See Rules 4(b) [now (a)], 7(b)(2), and 10(a).
3. In Form 3 and the forms following, the words, ``Allegation of jurisdic-
tion,'' are used to indicate the appropriate allegation in Form 2.
4. Each pleading, motion, and other paper is to be signed in his individ-
ual name by at least one attorney of record (Rule 11). The attorney's name
is to be followed by his address as indicated in Form 3. In forms following
Form 3 the signature and address are not indicated.
5. If a party is not represented by an attorney, the signature and address
of the party are required in place of those of the attorney.
Form 1. Summons
United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York

Civil Action, File Number
A. B., Plaintiff
v. # Summons
C. D., Defendant
To the above-named Defendant:
You are hereby summoned and required to serve upon ,
plaintiff's attorney, whose address is , an answer to
the complaint which is herewith served upon you, within 20 1 days
after service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of
service. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken
against you for the relief demanded in the complaint.
,
Clerk of Court.
[Seal of the U.S. District Court]
Dated
(This summons is issued pursuant to Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure)
1 If the United States or an officer or agency thereof is a defendant, the time to be inserted as
to it is 60 days.
(As amended Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct. 20, 1949.)

(91)

Form 1A FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 92

Form 1A. Notice of Lawsuit and Request for Waiver of Service of
Summons
TO: (A) [as (B) of
(C) ]
A lawsuit has been commenced against you (or the entity on
whose behalf you are addressed). A copy of the complaint is at-
tached to this notice. It has been filed in the United States Dis-
trict Court for the (D) and has been as-
signed docket number (E) .
This is not a formal summons or notification from the court,
but rather my request that you sign and return the enclosed waiv-
er of service in order to save the cost of serving you with a judi-
cial summons and an additional copy of the complaint. The cost
of service will be avoided if I receive a signed copy of the waiver
within (F) days after the date designated
below as the date on which this Notice and Request is sent. I en-
close a stamped and addressed envelope (or other means of cost-
free return) for your use. An extra copy of the waiver is also at-
tached for your records.
If you comply with this request and return the signed waiver, it
will be filed with the court and no summons will be served on you.
The action will then proceed as if you had been served on the date
the waiver is filed, except that you will not be obligated to answer
the complaint before 60 days from the date designated below as
the date on which this notice is sent (or before 90 days from that
date if your address is not in any judicial district of the United
States).
If you do not return the signed waiver within the time indi-
cated, I will take appropriate steps to effect formal service in a
manner authorized by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and
will then, to the extent authorized by those Rules, ask the court
to require you (or the party on whose behalf you are addressed) to
pay the full costs of such service. In that connection, please read
the statement concerning the duty of parties to waive the service
of the summons, which is set forth on the reverse side (or at the
foot) of the waiver form.
I affirm that this request is being sent to you on behalf of the
plaintiff, this day of , .

Signature of Plaintiff's Attorney or
Unrepresented Plaintiff
NOTES

A-Name of individual defendant (or name of officer or agent of cor-
porate defendant)
B-Title, or other relationship of individual to corporate defendant
C-Name of corporate defendant, if any
D-District
E-Docket number of action
F-Addressee must be given at least 30 days (60 days if located in foreign
country) in which to return waiver
(As added Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)

93 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Form 1B

Form 1B. Waiver of Service of Summons
TO: (name of plaintiff's attorney or unrepresented plain-
tiff)
I acknowledge receipt of your request that I waive service of a
summons in the action of (caption of action) ,
which is case number (docket number) in the
United States District Court for the (district) . I
have also received a copy of the complaint in the action, two cop-
ies of this instrument, and a means by which I can return the
signed waiver to you without cost to me.
I agree to save the cost of service of a summons and an addi-
tional copy of the complaint in this lawsuit by not requiring that
I (or the entity on whose behalf I am acting) be served with judi-
cial process in the manner provided by Rule 4.
I (or the entity on whose behalf I am acting) will retain all de-
fenses or objections to the lawsuit or to the jurisdiction or venue
of the court except for objections based on a defect in the sum-
mons or in the service of the summons.
I understand that a judgment may be entered against me (or the
party on whose behalf I am acting) if an answer or motion under
Rule 12 is not served upon you within 60 days after (date
request was sent) , or within 90 days after that date if the
request was sent outside the United States.

Date Signature
Printed/typed name:
[as ]
[of ]
To be printed on reverse side of the waiver form or set forth at the foot of the
form:

DUTY TO AVOID UNNECESSARY COSTS OF SERVICE OF SUMMONS

Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires certain parties
to cooperate in saving unnecessary costs of service of the summons and
complaint. A defendant located in the United States who, after being noti-
fied of an action and asked by a plaintiff located in the United States to
waive service of a summons, fails to do so will be required to bear the cost
of such service unless good cause be shown for its failure to sign and re-
turn the waiver.
It is not good cause for a failure to waive service that a party believes
that the complaint is unfounded, or that the action has been brought in
an improper place or in a court that lacks jurisdiction over the subject
matter of the action or over its person or property. A party who waives
service of the summons retains all defenses and objections (except any re-
lating to the summons or to the service of the summons), and may later
object to the jurisdiction of the court or to the place where the action has
been brought.
A defendant who waives service must within the time specified on the
waiver form serve on the plaintiff's attorney (or unrepresented plaintiff)
a response to the complaint and must also file a signed copy of the re-
sponse with the court. If the answer or motion is not served within this
time, a default judgment may be taken against that defendant. By waiving
service, a defendant is allowed more time to answer than if the summons
had been actually served when the request for waiver of service was re-
ceived.
(As added Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)

Form 2 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 94

Form 2. Allegation of Jurisdiction
(a) Jurisdiction founded on diversity of citizenship and amount.
Plaintiff is a [citizen of the State of Connecticut] 1 [corporation
incorporated under the laws of the State of Connecticut having its
principal place of business in the State of Connecticut] and de-
fendant is a corporation incorporated under the laws of the State
of New York having its principal place of business in a State other
than the State of Connecticut. The matter in controversy exceeds,
exclusive of interest and costs, the sum specified by 28 U.S.C.
§ 1332.
(b) Jurisdiction founded on the existence of a Federal question.
The action arises under [the Constitution of the United States,
Article , Section ]; [the Amendment to the Constitution of
the United States, Section ]; [the Act of , Stat. ; U.S.C.,
Title , § ]; [the Treaty of the United States (here describe the
treaty)] 2 as hereinafter more fully appears.
(c) Jurisdiction founded on the existence of a question arising
under particular statutes.
The action arises under the Act of , Stat. ; U.S.C., Title
, § , as hereinafter more fully appears.
(d) Jurisdiction founded on the admiralty or maritime character
of the claim.
This is a case of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, as herein-
after more fully appears. [If the pleader wishes to invoke the dis-
tinctively maritime procedures referred to in Rule 9(h), add the
following or its substantial equivalent: This is an admiralty or
maritime claim within the meaning of Rule 9(h).]
1 Form for natural person.
2 Use the appropriate phrase or phrases. The general allegation of the existence of a Federal ques-
tion is ineffective unless the matters constituting the claim for relief as set forth in the complaint
raise a Federal question.

EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. Diversity of Citizenship. U.S.C., Title 28, § 1332 (Diversity of citizenship;
amount in controversy; costs), as amended by P.L. 85554, 72 Stat. 415, July
25, 1958, states in subsection (c) that ``For the purposes of this section and
section 1441 of this title [removable actions], a corporation shall be
deemed a citizen of any State by which it has been incorporated and of the
State where it has its principal place of business.'' Thus if the defendant
corporation in Form 2(a) had its principal place of business in Connecticut,
diversity of citizenship would not exist. An allegation regarding the prin-
cipal place of business of each corporate party must be made in addition
to an allegation regarding its place of incorporation.
2. Jurisdictional Amount. U.S.C., Title 28, § 1331 (Federal question; amount
in controversy; costs) and § 1332 (Diversity of citizenship; amount in con-
troversy; costs), as amended by P.L. 85554, 72 Stat. 415, July 25, 1958, re-
quire that the amount in controversy, exclusive of interest and costs, be
in excess of $10,000. The allegation as to the amount in controversy may
be omitted in any case where by law no jurisdictional amount is required.
See, for example, U.S.C., Title 28, § 1338 (Patents, copyrights, trade-marks,
and unfair competition), § 1343 (Civil rights and elective franchise).
3. Pleading Venue. Since improper venue is a matter of defense, it is not
necessary for plaintiff to include allegations showing the venue to be prop-
er. See 1 Moore's Federal Practice, par. 0.140 [1.-4] (2d ed. 1959).
(As amended Apr. 17, 1961, eff. July 19, 1961; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July
1, 1966; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993; Apr. 26, 1999, eff. Dec. 1, 1999.)

95 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Form 6

Form 3. Complaint on a Promissory Note
1. Allegation of jurisdiction.
2. Defendant on or about June 1, 1935, executed and delivered to
plaintiff a promissory note [in the following words and figures:
(here set out the note verbatim)]; [a copy of which is hereto an-
nexed as Exhibit A]; [whereby defendant promised to pay to plain-
tiff or order on June 1, 1936 the sum of dollars with in-
terest thereon at the rate of six percent. per annum].
3. Defendant owes to plaintiff the amount of said note and inter-
est.
Wherefore plaintiff demands judgment against defendant for the
sum of dollars, interest, and costs.
Signed:
Attorney for Plaintiff.
Address:
NOTES

1. The pleader may use the material in one of the three sets of brackets.
His choice will depend upon whether he desires to plead the document ver-
batim, or by exhibit, or according to its legal effect.
2. Under the rules free joinder of claims is permitted. See Rules 8(e) and
18. Consequently the claims set forth in each and all of the following forms
may be joined with this complaint or with each other. Ordinarily each
claim should be stated in a separate division of the complaint, and the di-
visions should be designated as counts successively numbered. In particu-
lar the rules permit alternative and inconsistent pleading. See Form 10.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
Form 4. Complaint on an Account
1. Allegation of jurisdiction.
2. Defendant owes plaintiff dollars according to the ac-
count hereto annexed as Exhibit A.
Wherefore (etc. as in Form 3).
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
Form 5. Complaint for Goods Sold and Delivered
1. Allegation of jurisdiction.
2. Defendant owes plaintiff dollars for goods sold
and delivered by plaintiff to defendant between June 1, 1936 and
December 1, 1936.
Wherefore (etc. as in Form 3).
NOTE

This form may be used where the action is for an agreed price or for the
reasonable value of the goods.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
Form 6. Complaint for Money Lent
1. Allegation of jurisdiction.
2. Defendant owes plaintiff dollars for money lent by
plaintiff to defendant on June 1, 1936.
Wherefore (etc. as in Form 3).
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)

Form 7 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 96

Form 7. Complaint for Money Paid by Mistake
1. Allegation of jurisdiction.
2. Defendant owes plaintiff dollars for money paid by
plaintiff to defendant by mistake on June 1, 1936, under the follow-
ing circumstances: [here state the circumstances with particular-
ity-see Rule 9(b)].
Wherefore (etc. as in Form 3).
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
Form 8. Complaint for Money Had and Received
1. Allegation of jurisdiction.
2. Defendant owes plaintiff dollars for money had and re-
ceived from one G. H. on June 1, 1936, to be paid by defendant to
plaintiff.
Wherefore (etc. as in Form 3).
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
Form 9. Complaint for Negligence
1. Allegation of jurisdiction.
2. On June 1, 1936, in a public highway called Boylston Street in
Boston, Massachusetts, defendant negligently drove a motor vehi-
cle against plaintiff who was then crossing said highway.
3. As a result plaintiff was thrown down and had his leg broken
and was otherwise injured, was prevented from transacting his
business, suffered great pain of body and mind, and incurred ex-
penses for medical attention and hospitalization in the sum of one
thousand dollars.
Wherefore plaintiff demands judgment against defendant in the
sum of dollars and costs.
NOTE

Since contributory negligence is an affirmative defense, the complaint
need contain no allegation of due care of plaintiff.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
Form 10. Complaint for Negligence Where Plaintiff Is Unable To
Determine Definitely Whether the Person Responsible Is C. D.
or E. F. or Whether Both Are Responsible and Where His Evi-
dence May Justify a Finding of Wilfulness or of Recklessness
or of Negligence
A. B., Plaintiff
v. # Complaint
C. D. and E. F., Defendants
1. Allegation of jurisdiction.
2. On June 1, 1936, in a public highway called Boylston Street in
Boston, Massachusetts, defendant C. D. or defendant E. F., or both
defendants C. D. and E. F. wilfully or recklessly or negligently
drove or caused to be driven a motor vehicle against plaintiff who
was then crossing said highway.
3. As a result plaintiff was thrown down and had his leg broken
and was otherwise injured, was prevented from transacting his
business, suffered great pain of body and mind, and incurred ex-

97 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Form 13

penses for medical attention and hospitalization in the sum of one
thousand dollars.
Wherefore plaintiff demands judgment against C. D. or against
E. F. or against both in the sum of dollars and costs.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
Form 11. Complaint for Conversion
1. Allegation of jurisdiction.
2. On or about December 1, 1936, defendant converted to his own
use ten bonds of the Company (here insert brief identi-
fication as by number and issue) of the value of dollars,
the property of plaintiff.
Wherefore plaintiff demands judgment against defendant in the
sum of dollars, interest, and costs.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
Form 12. Complaint for Specific Performance of Contract To Con-
vey Land
1. Allegation of jurisdiction.
2. On or about December 1, 1936, plaintiff and defendant entered
into an agreement in writing a copy of which is hereto annexed as
Exhibit A.
3. In accord with the provisions of said agreement plaintiff ten-
dered to defendant the purchase price and requested a conveyance
of the land, but defendant refused to accept the tender and refused
to make the conveyance.
4. Plaintiff now offers to pay the purchase price.
Wherefore plaintiff demands (1) that defendant be required spe-
cifically to perform said agreement, (2) damages in the sum of one
thousand dollars, and (3) that if specific performance is not grant-
ed plaintiff have judgment against defendant in the sum of
dollars.
NOTE

Here, as in Form 3, plaintiff may set forth the contract verbatim in the
complaint or plead it, as indicated, by exhibit, or plead it according to its
legal effect. Furthermore, plaintiff may seek legal or equitable relief or
both even though this was impossible under the system in operation before
these rules.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
Form 13. Complaint on Claim for Debt and To Set Aside Fraudu-
lent Conveyance Under Rule 18(b)
A. B., Plaintiff
v. # Complaint
C. D. and E. F., Defendants
1. Allegation of jurisdiction.
2. Defendant C. D. on or about executed and delivered to
plaintiff a promissory note [in the following words and figures:
(here set out the note verbatim)]; [a copy of which is hereto an-
nexed as Exhibit A]; [whereby defendant C. D. promised to pay to
plaintiff or order on the sum of five thousand dollars with
interest thereon at the rate of percent. per annum].

Form 14 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 98

3. Defendant C. D. owes to plaintiff the amount of said note and
interest.
4. Defendant C. D. on or about conveyed all his property,
real and personal [or specify and describe] to defendant E. F. for
the purpose of defrauding plaintiff and hindering and delaying the
collection of the indebtedness evidenced by the note above re-
ferred to.
Wherefore plaintiff demands:
(1) That plaintiff have judgment against defendant C. D. for
dollars and interest; (2) that the aforesaid conveyance to de-
fendant E. F. be declared void and the judgment herein be declared
a lien on said property; (3) that plaintiff have judgment against
the defendants for costs.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
Form 14. Complaint for Negligence Under Federal Employer's Li-
ability Act
1. Allegation of jurisdiction.
2. During all the times herein mentioned defendant owned and
operated in interstate commerce a railroad which passed through
a tunnel located at and known as Tunnel No. .
3. On or about June 1, 1936, defendant was repairing and enlarg-
ing the tunnel in order to protect interstate trains and passengers
and freight from injury and in order to make the tunnel more con-
veniently usable for interstate commerce.
4. In the course of thus repairing and enlarging the tunnel on
said day defendant employed plaintiff as one of its workmen, and
negligently put plaintiff to work in a portion of the tunnel which
defendant had left unprotected and unsupported.
5. By reason of defendant's negligence in thus putting plaintiff
to work in that portion of the tunnel, plaintiff was, while so work-
ing pursuant to defendant's orders, struck and crushed by a rock,
which fell from the unsupported portion of the tunnel, and was
(here describe plaintiff's injuries).
6. Prior to these injuries, plaintiff was a strong, able-bodied
man, capable of earning and actually earning dollars per
day. By these injuries he has been made incapable of any gainful
activity, has suffered great physical and mental pain, and has in-
curred expense in the amount of dollars for medicine, medi-
cal attendance, and hospitalization.
Wherefore plaintiff demands judgment against defendant in the
sum of dollars and costs.
Form 15. Complaint for Damages Under Merchant Marine Act
1. Allegation of jurisdiction. [If the pleader wishes to invoke the
distinctively maritime procedures referred to in Rule 9(h), add the
following or its substantial equivalent: This is an admiralty or
maritime claim within the meaning of Rule 9(h).]
2. During all the times herein mentioned defendant was the
owner of the steamship and used it in the transportation of
freight for hire by water in interstate and foreign commerce.
3. During the first part of (month and year) at plaintiff en-
tered the employ of defendant as an able seaman on said steam-
ship under seamen's articles of customary form for a voyage from

99 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Form 17

ports to the Orient and return at a wage of dollars per
month and found, which is equal to a wage of dollars per
month as a shore worker.
4. On June 1, 1936, said steamship was about days out of
the port of and was being navigated by the master and crew
on the return voyage to ports. (Here describe weather condi-
tions and the condition of the ship and state as in an ordinary
complaint for personal injuries the negligent conduct of
defendant.)
5. By reason of defendant's negligence in thus (brief statement
of defendant's negligent conduct) and the unseaworthiness of said
steamship, plaintiff was (here describe plaintiff's injuries).
6. Prior to these injuries, plaintiff was a strong, able-bodied
man, capable of earning and actually earning dollars per
day. By these injuries he has been made incapable of any gainful
activity; has suffered great physical and mental pain, and has in-
curred expense in the amount of dollars for medicine, medi-
cal attendance, and hospitalization.
Wherefore plaintiff demands judgment against defendant in the
sum of dollars and costs.
(As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966.)
Form 16. Complaint for Infringement of Patent
1. Allegation of jurisdiction.
2. On May 16, 1934, United States Letters Patent No. were
duly and legally issued to plaintiff for an invention in an electric
motor; and since that date plaintiff has been and still is the owner
of those Letters Patent.
3. Defendant has for a long time past been and still is infringing
those Letters Patent by making, selling, and using electric mo-
tors embodying the patented invention, and will continue to do so
unless enjoined by this court.
4. Plaintiff has placed the required statutory notice on all elec-
tric motors manufactured and sold by him under said Letters Pat-
ent, and has given written notice to defendant of his said infringe-
ment.
Wherefore plaintiff demands a preliminary and final injunction
against continued infringement, an accounting for damages, and
an assessment of interest and costs against defendant.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
Form 17. Complaint for Infringement of Copyright and Unfair
Competition
1. Allegation of jurisdiction.
2. Prior to March, 1936, plaintiff, who then was and ever since
has been a citizen of the United States, created and wrote an
original book, entitled .
3. This book contains a large amount of material wholly original
with plaintiff and is copyrightable subject matter under the laws
of the United States.
4. Between March 2, 1936, and March 10, 1936, plaintiff complied
in all respects with the Act of (give citation) and all other laws
governing copyright, and secured the exclusive rights and privi-
leges in and to the copyright of said book, and received from the

Form 17 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 100

Register of Copyrights a certificate of registration, dated and
identified as follows: ``March 10, 1936, Class , No.
.''
5. Since March 10, 1936, said book has been published by plaintiff
and all copies of it made by plaintiff or under his authority or li-
cense have been printed, bound, and published in strict conformity
with the provisions of the Act of and all other
laws governing copyright.
6. Since March 10, 1936, plaintiff has been and still is the sole
proprietor of all rights, title, and interest in and to the copyright
in said book.
7. After March 10, 1936, defendant infringed said copyright by
publishing and placing upon the market a book entitled
, which was copied largely from
plaintiff's copyrighted book, entitled .
8. A copy of plaintiff's copyrighted book is hereto attached as
``Exhibit 1''; and a copy of defendant's infringing book is hereto
attached as ``Exhibit 2.''
9. Plaintiff has notified defendant that defendant has infringed
the copyright of plaintiff, and defendant has continued to infringe
the copyright.
10. After March 10, 1936, and continuously since about
, defendant has been publishing, selling and otherwise
marketing the book entitled , and has thereby
been engaging in unfair trade practices and unfair competition
against plaintiff to plaintiff's irreparable damage.
Wherefore plaintiff demands:
(1) That defendant, his agents, and servants be enjoined during
the pendency of this action and permanently from infringing said
copyright of said plaintiff in any manner, and from publishing,
selling, marketing or otherwise disposing of any copies of the
book entitled .
(2) That defendant be required to pay to plaintiff such damages
as plaintiff has sustained in consequence of defendant's infringe-
ment of said copyright and said unfair trade practices and unfair
competition and to account for
(a) all gains, profits and advantages derived by defendant by said
trade practices and unfair competition and
(b) all gains, profits, and advantages derived by defendant by his
infringement of plaintiff's copyright or such damages as to the
court shall appear proper within the provisions of the copyright
statutes, but not less than two hundred and fifty dollars.
(3) That defendant be required to deliver up to be impounded
during the pendency of this action all copies of said book entitled
in his possession or under his control and to
deliver up for destruction all infringing copies and all plates,
molds, and other matter for making such infringing copies.
(4) That defendant pay to plaintiff the costs of this action and
reasonable attorney's fees to be allowed to the plaintiff by the
court.
(5) That plaintiff have such other and further relief as is just.
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948.)

101 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Form 19

Form 18. Complaint for Interpleader and Declaratory Relief
1. Allegation of jurisdiction.
2. On or about June 1, 1935, plaintiff issued to G. H. a policy of
life insurance whereby plaintiff promised to pay to K. L. as bene-
ficiary the sum of dollars upon the
death of G. H. The policy required the payment by G. H. of a stipu-
lated premium on June 1, 1936, and annually thereafter as a condi-
tion precedent to its continuance in force.
3. No part of the premium due June 1, 1936, was ever paid and the
policy ceased to have any force or effect on July 1, 1936.
4. Thereafter, on September 1, 1936, G. H. and K. L. died as the
result of a collision between a locomotive and the automobile in
which G. H. and K. L. were riding.
5. Defendant C. D. is the duly appointed and acting executor of
the will of G. H.; defendant E. F. is the duly appointed and acting
executor of the will of K. L.; defendant X. Y. claims to have been
duly designated as beneficiary of said policy in place of K. L.
6. Each of defendants, C. D., E. F., and X. Y. is claiming that the
above-mentioned policy was in full force and effect at the time of
the death of G. H.; each of them is claiming to be the only person
entitled to receive payment of the amount of the policy and has
made demand for payment thereof.
7. By reason of these conflicting claims of the defendants, plain-
tiff is in great doubt as to which defendant is entitled to be paid
the amount of the policy, if it was in force at the death of G. H.
Wherefore plaintiff demands that the court adjudge:
(1) That none of the defendants is entitled to recover from plain-
tiff the amount of said policy or any part thereof.
(2) That each of the defendants be restrained from instituting
any action against plaintiff for the recovery of the amount of said
policy or any part thereof.
(3) That, if the court shall determine that said policy was in
force at the death of G. H., the defendants be required to
interplead and settle between themselves their rights to the
money due under said policy, and that plaintiff be discharged from
all liability in the premises except to the person whom the court
shall adjudge entitled to the amount of said policy.
(4) That plaintiff recover its costs.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
[Form 18A. Notice and Acknowledgment for Service by Mail] (Ab-
rogated Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Form 19. Motion To Dismiss, Presenting Defenses of Failure To
State a Claim, of Lack of Service of Process, of Improper
Venue, and of Lack of Jurisdiction Under Rule 12(b)
The defendant moves the court as follows:
1. To dismiss the action because the complaint fails to state a
claim against defendant upon which relief can be granted.
2. To dismiss the action or in lieu thereof to quash the return
of service of summons on the grounds (a) that the defendant is a
corporation organized under the laws of Delaware and was not and
is not subject to service of process within the Southern District
of New York, and (b) that the defendant has not been properly

Form 20 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 102

served with process in this action, all of which more clearly ap-
pears in the affidavits of M. N. and X. Y. hereto annexed as Ex-
hibit A and Exhibit B respectively.
3. To dismiss the action on the ground that it is in the wrong
district because (a) the jurisdiction of this court is invoked solely
on the ground that the action arises under the Constitution and
laws of the United States and (b) the defendant is a corporation
incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware and is not
licensed to do or doing business in the Southern District of New
York, all of which more clearly appears in the affidavits of K. L.
and V. W. hereto annexed as Exhibits C and D, respectively.
4. To dismiss the action on the ground that the court lacks ju-
risdiction because the amount actually in controversy is less than
ten thousand dollars exclusive of interest and costs.
Signed:
Attorney for Defendant.
Address:

Notice of Motion
To:
Attorney for Plaintiff.

Please take notice, that the undersigned will bring the above
motion on for hearing before this Court at Room , United
States Court House, Foley Square, City of New York, on the
day of , 193 , at 10 o'clock in the forenoon of that day
or as soon thereafter as counsel can be heard.
Signed:
Attorney for Defendant.
Address:
EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. The above motion and notice of motion may be combined and denomi-
nated Notice of Motion. See Rule 7(b).
2. As to paragraph 3, see U.S.C., Title 28, § 1391 (Venue generally), sub-
sections (b) and (c).
3. As to paragraph 4, see U.S.C., Title 28, § 1331 (Federal question; amount
in controversy; costs), as amended by P.L. 85554, 72 Stat. 415, July 25, 1958,
requiring that the amount in controversy, exclusive of interest and costs,
be in excess of $10,000.
(As amended Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct. 20, 1949; Apr. 17, 1961, eff. July
19, 1961.)
Form 20. Answer Presenting Defenses Under Rule 12(b)
First Defense
The complaint fails to state a claim against defendant upon
which relief can be granted.

Second Defense
If defendant is indebted to plaintiffs for the goods mentioned in
the complaint, he is indebted to them jointly with G. H. G. H. is
alive; is a citizen of the State of New York and a resident of this
district, is subject to the jurisdiction of this court, as to both

103 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Form 21

service of process and venue; can be made a party without depriv-
ing this court of jurisdiction of the present parties, and has not
been made a party.

Third Defense
Defendant admits the allegation contained in paragraphs 1 and
4 of the complaint; alleges that he is without knowledge or infor-
mation sufficient to form a belief as to the truth of the allega-
tions contained in paragraph 2 of the complaint; and denies each
and every other allegation contained in the complaint.

Fourth Defense
The right of action set forth in the complaint did not accrue
within six years next before the commencement of this action.

Counterclaim
(Here set forth any claim as a counterclaim in the manner in
which a claim is pleaded in a complaint. No statement of the
grounds on which the court's jurisdiction depends need be made
unless the counterclaim requires independent grounds of jurisdic-
tion.)

Cross-Claim Against Defendant M. N.
(Here set forth the claim constituting a cross-claim against de-
fendant M. N. in the manner in which a claim is pleaded in a com-
plaint. The statement of grounds upon which the court's jurisdic-
tion depends need not be made unless the cross-claim requires
independent grounds of jurisdiction.)
NOTE
The above form contains examples of certain defenses provided for in
Rule 12(b). The first defense challenges the legal sufficiency of the com-
plaint. It is a substitute for a general demurrer or a motion to dismiss.
The second defense embodies the old plea in abatement; the decision
thereon, however, may well provide under Rules 19 and 21 for the citing in
of the party rather than an abatement of the action.
The third defense is an answer on the merits.
The fourth defense is one of the affirmative defenses provided for in Rule
8(c).
The answer also includes a counterclaim and a cross-claim.
Form 21. Answer to Complaint Set Forth in Form 8, With Counter-
claim for Interpleader
Defense
Defendant admits the allegations stated in paragraph 1 of the
complaint; and denies the allegations stated in paragraph 2 to the
extent set forth in the counterclaim herein.

Counterclaim for Interpleader
1. Defendant received the sum of dollars as a deposit
from E. F.
2. Plaintiff has demanded the payment of such deposit to him by
virtue of an assignment of it which he claims to have received
from E. F.

Form 22 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 104

3. E. F. has notified the defendant that he claims such deposit,
that the purported assignment is not valid, and that he holds the
defendant responsible for the deposit.
Wherefore defendant demands:
(1) That the court order E. F. to be made a party defendant to
respond to the complaint and to this counterclaim.1
(2) That the court order the plaintiff and E. F. to interplead
their respective claims.
(3) That the court adjudge whether the plaintiff or E. F. is enti-
tled to the sum of money.
(4) That the court discharge defendant from all liability in the
premises except to the person it shall adjudge entitled to the sum
of money.
(5) That the court award to the defendant its costs and attor-
ney's fees.
1 Rule 13(h) provides for the court ordering parties to a counterclaim, but who are not parties to
the original action, to be brought in as defendants.
(As amended Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
[Form 22. Motion To Bring In Third-Party Defendant] (Eliminated
Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963)
Form 22A. Summons and Complaint Against Third-Party Defend-
ant
United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York

Civil Action, File Number

To the above-named Third-Party Defendant:
You are hereby summoned and required to serve upon
, plaintiff's attorney whose address is
, and upon , who is at-
torney for C. D., defendant and third-party plaintiff, and whose
address is , an answer to the third-party complaint
which is herewith served upon you within 20 days after the service
of this summons upon you exclusive of the day of service. If you
fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken against you for the
relief demanded in the third-party complaint. There is also served
upon you herewith a copy of the complaint of the plaintiff which
you may but are not required to answer.
,
Clerk of Court.
[Seal of District Court]
Dated

105 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Form 22B

United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York

Civil Action, File Number

1. Plaintiff A. B. has filed against defendant C. D. a complaint,
a copy of which is hereto attached as ``Exhibit A.''
2. (Here state the grounds upon which C. D. is entitled to recover
from E. F., all or part of what A. B. may recover from C. D. The
statement should be framed as in an original complaint.)
Wherefore C. D. demands judgment against third-party defend-
ant E. F. for all sums 1 that may be adjudged against defendant C.
D. in favor of plaintiff A. B.
Signed: ,
Attorney for C. D., Third-Party Plaintiff.
Address:
1 Make appropriate change where C. D. is entitled to only partial recovery-over against E. F.
(As added Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
Form 22B. Motion To Bring in Third-Party Defendant
Defendant moves for leave, as third-party plaintiff, to cause to
be served upon E. F. a summons and third-party complaint, copies
of which are hereto attached as Exhibit X.
Signed: ,
Attorney for Defendant C. D.
Address: .

Notice of Motion
(Contents the same as in Form 19. The notice should be ad-
dressed to all parties to the action.)

Exhibit X
(Contents the same as in Form 22A.)
(As added Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)

Form 23 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 106

Form 23. Motion To Intervene as a Defendant Under Rule 24

(Based upon the complaint, Form 16)

United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York

Civil Action, File Number

E. F. moves for leave to intervene as a defendant in this action,
in order to assert the defenses set forth in his proposed answer, of
which a copy is hereto attached, on the ground that he is the man-
ufacturer and vendor to the defendant, as well as to others, of the
articles alleged in the complaint to be an infringement of plain-
tiff's patent, and as such has a defense to plaintiff's claim present-
ing both questions of law and of fact which are common to the
main action.1
Signed: ,
Attorney for E. F., Applicant for Intervention.
Address: .

Notice of Motion
(Contents the same as in Form 19)

1 For other grounds of intervention, either of right or in the discretion of the court, see Rule 24(a)
and (b).
United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York

Civil Action, File Number

First Defense
Intervener admits the allegations stated in paragraphs 1 and 4
of the complaint; denies the allegations in paragraph 3, and denies
the allegations in paragraph 2 in so far as they assert the legality
of the issuance of the Letters Patent to plaintiff.

Second Defense
Plaintiff is not the first inventor of the articles covered by the
Letters Patent specified in his complaint, since articles substan-

107 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Form 26

tially identical in character were previously patented in Letters
Patent granted to intervener on January 5, 1920.
Signed: ,
Attorney for E. F., Intervener.
Address: .
(As amended Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct. 20, 1949.)
Form 24. Request for Production of Documents, etc., Under Rule 34
Plaintiff A. B. requests defendant C. D. to respond within
days to the following requests:
(1) That defendant produce and permit plaintiff to inspect and to
copy each of the following documents:
(Here list the documents either individually or by category and
describe each of them.)
(Here state the time, place, and manner of making the inspec-
tion and performance of any related acts.)
(2) That defendant produce and permit plaintiff to inspect and to
copy, test, or sample each of the following objects:
(Here list the objects either individually or by category and de-
scribe each of them.)
(Here state the time, place, and manner of making the inspec-
tion and performance of any related acts.)
(3) That defendant permit plaintiff to enter (here describe prop-
erty to be entered) and to inspect and to photograph, test or sam-
ple (here describe the portion of the real property and the objects
to be inspected).
(Here state the time, place, and manner of making the inspec-
tion and performance of any related acts.)
Signed: ,
Attorney for Plaintiff.
Address: .
(As amended Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July 1, 1970.)
Form 25. Request for Admission Under Rule 36
Plaintiff A. B. requests defendant C. D. within days
after service of this request to make the following admissions for
the purpose of this action only and subject to all pertinent objec-
tions to admissibility which may be interposed at the trial:
1. That each of the following documents, exhibited with this re-
quest, is genuine.
(Here list the documents and describe each document.)
2. That each of the following statements is true.
(Here list the statements.) Signed: ,
Attorney for Plaintiff.
Address: .
(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948.)
Form 26. Allegation of Reason for Omitting Party
When it is necessary, under Rule 19(c), for the pleader to set
forth in his pleading the names of persons who ought to be made
parties, but who are not so made, there should be an allegation
such as the one set out below:

Form 27 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 108

John Doe named in this complaint is not made a party to this
action [because he is not subject to the jurisdiction of this court];
[because he cannot be made a party to this action without depriv-
ing this court of jurisdiction].
[Form 27. Notice of Appeal to Court of Appeals Under Rule 73(b)]
(Abrogated Dec. 4, 1967, eff. July 1, 1968)
Form 28. Notice: Condemnation
United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York

Civil Action, File Number

To (here insert the names of the defendants to whom the notice is
directed):
You are hereby notified that a complaint in condemnation has
heretofore been filed in the office of the clerk of the United States
District Court for the Southern District of New York, in the
United States Court House in New York City, New York, for the
taking (here state the interest to be acquired, as ``an estate in fee
simple'') for use (here state briefly the use, ``as a site for a post-
office building'') of the following described property in which you
have or claim an interest.
(Here insert brief description of the property in which the
defendants, to whom the notice is directed, have or claim an
interest.)
The authority for the taking is (here state briefly, as ``the Act
of , Stat. , U.S.C., Title , § ''.) 1
You are further notified that if you desire to present any objec-
tion or defense to the taking of your property you are required to
serve your answer on the plaintiff's attorney at the address herein
designated within twenty days after .2
Your answer shall identify the property in which you claim to
have an interest, state the nature and extent of the interest you
claim, and state all of your objections and defenses to the taking
of your property. All defenses and objections not so presented are
waived. And in case of your failure so to answer the complaint,
judgment of condemnation of that part of the above-described
property in which you have or claim an interest will be rendered.
But without answering, you may serve on the plaintiff's attor-
ney a notice of appearance designating the property in which you
claim to be interested. Thereafter you will receive notice of all
proceedings affecting it. At the trial of the issue of just compensa-
tion, whether or not you have previously appeared or answered,
you may present evidence as to the amount of the compensation

109 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Form 29

to be paid for your property, and you may share in the distribu-
tion of the award.

United States Attorney.
Address
(Here state an address within the district where the United
States Attorney may be served as ``United States Court House,
New York, N.Y.''.)
Dated
1 And where appropriate add a citation to any applicable Executive Order.
2 Here insert the words ``personal service of this notice upon you,'' if personal service is to be
made pursuant to subdivision (d)(3)(i) of this rule [Rule 71A]; or, insert the date of the last publica-
tion of notice, if service by publication is to be made pursuant to subdivision (d)(3)(ii) of this rule.
(As added May 1, 1951, eff. Aug. 1, 1951.)
Form 29. Complaint: Condemnation
United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York

1. This is an action of a civil nature brought by the United
States of America for the taking of property under the power of
eminent domain and for the ascertainment and award of just com-
pensation to the owners and parties in interest.1
2. The authority for the taking is (here state briefly, as ``the Act
of , Stat. , U.S.C., Title ,
§ '').2
3. The use for which the property is to be taken is (here state
briefly the use, ``as a site for a post-office building'').
4. The interest to be acquired in the property is (here state the
interest as ``an estate in fee simple'').
5. The property so to be taken is (here set forth a description of
the property sufficient for its identification) or (described in Ex-
hibit A hereto attached and made a part hereof).
6. The persons known to the plaintiff to have or claim an inter-
est in the property 3 are:
(Here set forth the names of such persons and the interests
claimed.) 4
7. In addition to the persons named, there are or may be others
who have or may claim some interest in the property to be taken,
whose names are unknown to the plaintiff and on diligent inquiry
have not been ascertained. They are made parties to the action
under the designation ``Unknown Owners.''
Wherefore the plaintiff demands judgment that the property be
condemned and that just compensation for the taking be ascer-

Form 30 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 110

tained and awarded and for such other relief as may be lawful and
proper.

United States Attorney.
Address
(Here state an address within the district where the United
States Attorney may be served, as ``United States Court
House, New York, N.Y.''.)
1 If the plaintiff is not the United States, but is, for example, a corporation invoking the power
of eminent domain delegated to it by the state, then this paragraph 1 of the complaint should be
appropriately modified and should be preceded by a paragraph appropriately alleging federal juris-
diction for the action, such as diversity. See Form 2.
2 And where appropriate add a citation to any applicable Executive Order.
3 At the commencement of the action the plaintiff need name as defendants only the persons hav-
ing or claiming an interest in the property whose names are then known, but prior to any hearing
involving the compensation to be paid for a particular piece of property the plaintiff must add as
defendants all persons having or claiming an interest in that property whose names can be ascer-
tained by an appropriate search of the records and also those whose names have otherwise been
learned. See Rule 71A(c)(2).
4 The plaintiff should designate, as to each separate piece of property, the defendants who have
been joined as owners thereof or of some interest therein. See Rule 71A(c)(2).
(As added May 1, 1951, eff. Aug. 1, 1951.)
Form 30. Suggestion of Death Upon the Record Under Rule 25(a)(1)
A. B. [describe as a party, or as executor, administrator, or
other representative or successor of C. D., the deceased party] sug-
gests upon the record, pursuant to Rule 25(a)(1), the death of C. D.
[describe as party] during the pendency of this action.
(As added Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
Form 31. Judgment on Jury Verdict
United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York

Civil Action, File Number
A. B., Plaintiff
v. # Judgment
C. D., Defendant
This action came on for trial before the Court and a jury, Honor-
able John Marshall, District Judge, presiding, and the issues hav-
ing been duly tried and the jury having duly rendered its verdict,
It is Ordered and Adjudged
[that the plaintiff A. B. recover of the defendant C. D. the sum
of , with interest thereon at the rate of
percent as provided by law, and his costs of action.]
[that the plaintiff take nothing, that the action be dismissed on
the merits, and that the defendant C. D. recover of the plaintiff A.
B. his costs of action.]
Dated at New York, New York, this day of ,
19 .

Clerk of Court.
NOTE
1. This Form is illustrative of the judgment to be entered upon the gen-
eral verdict of a jury. It deals with the cases where there is a general jury

111 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Form 32

verdict awarding the plaintiff money damages or finding for the defendant,
but is adaptable to other situations of jury verdicts.
2. The clerk, unless the court otherwise orders, is required forthwith to
prepare, sign, and enter the judgment upon a general jury verdict without
awaiting any direction by the court. The form of the judgment upon a spe-
cial verdict or a general verdict accompanied by answers to interrog-
atories shall be promptly approved by the court, and the clerk shall there-
upon enter it. See Rule 58, as amended.
3. The Rules contemplate a simple judgment promptly entered. See Rule
54(a). Every judgment shall be set forth on a separate document. See Rule
58, as amended.
4. Attorneys are not to submit forms of judgment unless directed in ex-
ceptional cases to do so by the court. See Rule 58, as amended.
(As added Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)
Form 32. Judgment on Decision by the Court
United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York

Civil Action, File Number
A. B., Plaintiff
v. # Judgment
C. D., Defendant
This action came on for [trial] [hearing] before the Court, Hon-
orable John Marshall, District Judge, presiding, and the issues
having been duly [tried] [heard] and a decision having been duly
rendered,
It is Ordered and Adjudged
[that the plaintiff A. B. recover of the defendant C. D. the sum
of , with interest thereon at the rate of per-
cent as provided by law, and his costs of action.]
[that the plaintiff take nothing, that the action be dismissed on
the merits, and that the defendant C. D. recover of the plaintiff A.
B. his costs of action.]
Dated at New York, New York, this day of
, 19 .

Clerk of Court.
NOTES

1. This Form is illustrative of the judgment to be entered upon a deci-
sion of the court. It deals with the cases of decisions by the court awarding
a party only money damages or costs, but is adaptable to other decisions
by the court.
2. The clerk, unless the court otherwise orders, is required forthwith,
without awaiting any direction by the court, to prepare, sign, and enter
the judgment upon a decision by the court that a party shall recover only
a sum certain or costs or that all relief shall be denied. The form of the
judgment upon a decision by the court granting other relief shall be
promptly approved by the court, and the clerk shall thereupon enter it.
See Rule 58, as amended.
3. See also paragraphs 34 of the Explanatory Note to Form 31.
(As added Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963.)

Form 33 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 112

Form 33. Notice of Availability of Magistrate Judge to Exercise Ju-
risdiction
In accordance with the provisions of Title 28, U.S.C. § 636(c), you
are hereby notified that a United States magistrate judge of this
district court is available to exercise the court's jurisdiction and
to conduct any or all proceedings in this case including a jury or
nonjury trial, and entry of a final judgment. Exercise of this juris-
diction by a magistrate judge is, however, permitted only if all
parties voluntarily consent.
You may, without adverse substantive consequences, withhold
your consent, but this will prevent the court's jurisdiction from
being exercised by a magistrate judge. If any party withholds con-
sent, the identity of the parties consenting or withholding consent
will not be communicated to any magistrate judge or to the dis-
trict judge to whom the case has been assigned.
An appeal from a judgment entered by a magistrate judge may
be taken directly to the United States court of appeals for this ju-
dicial circuit in the same manner as an appeal from any other
judgment of a district court.
Copies of the Form for the ``Consent to Jurisdiction by a United
States Magistrate Judge'' are available from the clerk of the
court.
(As added Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug. 1, 1983; amended Apr. 22, 1993, eff.
Dec. 1, 1993; Apr. 11, 1997, eff. Dec. 1, 1997.)
Form 34. Consent to Exercise of Jurisdiction by a United States
Magistrate Judge
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF

Plaintiff,
vs. # Docket No.
Defendant.

CONSENT TO JURISDICTION BY A UNITED STATES
MAGISTRATE JUDGE
In accordance with the provisions of Title 28, U.S.C. § 636(c), the
undersigned party or parties to the above-captioned civil matter
hereby voluntarily consent to have a United States magistrate
judge conduct any and all further proceedings in the case, includ-
ing trial, and order the entry of a final judgment.

Date Signature
Note: Return this form to the Clerk of the Court if you consent
to jurisdiction by a magistrate judge. Do not send a copy of
this form to any district judge or magistrate judge.
(As added Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug. 1, 1983; amended Apr. 22, 1993, eff.
Dec. 1, 1993; Apr. 11, 1997, eff. Dec. 1, 1997.)

113 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Form 35

Form 34A. Order of Reference
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF

Plaintiff,
vs. # Docket No.
Defendant.

ORDER OF REFERENCE
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the above-captioned matter be
referred to United States Magistrate Judge for all
further proceedings and entry of judgment in accordance with
Title 28, U.S.C. § 636(c) and the consent of the parties.

U.S. District Judge
(As added Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
Form 35. Report of Parties' Planning Meeting

[Caption and Names of Parties]
1. Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(f), a meeting was held on
(date) at (place) and was attended by:
(name) for plaintiff(s)
(name) for defendant(s) (party name)
(name) for defendant(s) (party name)
2. Pre-Discovery Disclosures. The parties [have exchanged] [will
exchange by (date) ] the information required by [Fed.
R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1)] [local rule ].
3. Discovery Plan. The parties jointly propose to the court the
following discovery plan: [Use separate paragraphs or subpara-
graphs as necessary if parties disagree.]
Discovery will be needed on the following subjects: (brief
description of subjects on which discovery will be need-
ed)
All discovery commenced in time to be completed by
(date) . [Discovery on (issue for early dis-
covery) to be completed by (date) .]
Maximum of interrogatories by each party to any other
party. [Responses due days after service.]
Maximum of requests for admission by each party to any
other party. [Responses due days after service.]
Maximum of depositions by plaintiff(s) and by de-
fendant(s).
Each deposition [other than of ] limited to maxi-
mum of hours unless extended by agreement of par-
ties.
Reports from retained experts under Rule 26(a)(2) due:
from plaintiff(s) by (date)
from defendant(s) by (date)
Supplementations under Rule 26(e) due (time(s) or inter-
val(s)) .

Form 35 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 114

4. Other Items. [Use separate paragraphs or subparagraphs as
necessary if parties disagree.]
The parties [request] [do not request] a conference with the
court before entry of the scheduling order.
The parties request a pretrial conference in (month and
year) .
Plaintiff(s) should be allowed until (date) to join
additional parties and until (date) to amend
the pleadings.
Defendant(s) should be allowed until (date) to join
additional parties and until (date) to amend
the pleadings.
All potentially dispositive motions should be filed by
(date) .
Settlement [is likely] [is unlikely] [cannot be evaluated prior
to (date) ] [may be enhanced by use of the fol-
lowing alternative dispute resolution procedure:
[ ].
Final lists of witnesses and exhibits under Rule 26(a)(3) should
be due
from plaintiff(s) by (date)
from defendant(s) by (date)
Parties should have days after service of final lists of wit-
nesses and exhibits to list objections under Rule 26(a)(3).
The case should be ready for trial by (date) [and at
this time is expected to take approximately (length
of time) ].
[Other matters.]
Date:
(As added Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)

115 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule B

SUPPLEMENTAL RULES FOR CERTAIN ADMIRALTY AND
MARITIME CLAIMS
Rule A. Scope of Rules
These Supplemental Rules apply to the procedure in admiralty
and maritime claims within the meaning of Rule 9(h) with respect
to the following remedies:
(1) Maritime attachment and garnishment;
(2) Actions in rem;
(3) Possessory, petitory, and partition actions;
(4) Actions for exoneration from or limitation of liability.
These rules also apply to the procedure in statutory condemna-
tion proceedings analogous to maritime actions in rem, whether
within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction or not. Except as
otherwise provided, references in these Supplemental Rules to ac-
tions in rem include such analogous statutory condemnation pro-
ceedings.
The general Rules of Civil Procedure for the United States Dis-
trict Courts are also applicable to the foregoing proceedings ex-
cept to the extent that they are inconsistent with these Supple-
mental Rules.
(As added Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966.)
Rule B. In Personam Actions: Attachment and Garnishment
(1) WHEN AVAILABLE; COMPLAINT, AFFIDAVIT, JUDICIAL AUTHOR-
IZATION, AND PROCESS. In an in personam action:
(a) If a defendant is not found within the district, a verified
complaint may contain a prayer for process to attach the de-
fendant's tangible or intangible personal property-up to the
amount sued for-in the hands of garnishees named in the
process.
(b) The plaintiff or the plaintiff's attorney must sign and file
with the complaint an affidavit stating that, to the affiant's
knowledge, or on information and belief, the defendant cannot
be found within the district. The court must review the com-
plaint and affidavit and, if the conditions of this Rule B ap-
pear to exist, enter an order so stating and authorizing process
of attachment and garnishment. The clerk may issue supple-
mental process enforcing the court's order upon application
without further court order.
(c) If the plaintiff or the plaintiff's attorney certifies that
exigent circumstances make court review impracticable, the
clerk must issue the summons and process of attachment and
garnishment. The plaintiff has the burden in any post-attach-
ment hearing under Rule E(4)(f) to show that exigent circum-
stances existed.
(d)(i) If the property is a vessel or tangible property on board
a vessel, the summons, process, and any supplemental process
must be delivered to the marshal for service.
(ii) If the property is other tangible or intangible property,
the summons, process, and any supplemental process must be
delivered to a person or organization authorized to serve it,
who may be (A) a marshal; (B) someone under contract with
the United States; (C) someone specially appointed by the

Rule C FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 116

court for that purpose; or, (D) in an action brought by the
United States, any officer or employee of the United States.
(e) The plaintiff may invoke state-law remedies under Rule
64 for seizure of person or property for the purpose of securing
satisfaction of the judgment.
(2) NOTICE TO DEFENDANT. No default judgment may be entered
except upon proof-which may be by affidavit-that:
(a) the complaint, summons, and process of attachment or
garnishment have been served on the defendant in a manner
authorized by Rule 4;
(b) the plaintiff or the garnishee has mailed to the defendant
the complaint, summons, and process of attachment or gar-
nishment, using any form of mail requiring a return receipt;
or(c) the plaintiff or the garnishee has tried diligently to give
notice of the action to the defendant but could not do so.
(3) ANSWER.
(a) By Garnishee. The garnishee shall serve an answer, to-
gether with answers to any interrogatories served with the
complaint, within 20 days after service of process upon the
garnishee. Interrogatories to the garnishee may be served with
the complaint without leave of court. If the garnishee refuses
or neglects to answer on oath as to the debts, credits, or ef-
fects of the defendant in the garnishee's hands, or any inter-
rogatories concerning such debts, credits, and effects that may
be propounded by the plaintiff, the court may award compul-
sory process against the garnishee. If the garnishee admits
any debts, credits, or effects, they shall be held in the garnish-
ee's hands or paid into the registry of the court, and shall be
held in either case subject to the further order of the court.
(b) By Defendant. The defendant shall serve an answer within
30 days after process has been executed, whether by attach-
ment of property or service on the garnishee.
(As added Feb. 28, 1966; eff. July 1, 1966; amended Apr. 29, 1985, eff.
Aug. 1, 1985; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 17, 2000, eff. Dec.
1, 2000.)
Rule C. In Rem Actions: Special Provisions
(1) WHEN AVAILABLE. An action in rem may be brought:
(a) To enforce any maritime lien;
(b) Whenever a statute of the United States provides for a
maritime action in rem or a proceeding analogous thereto.
Except as otherwise provided by law a party who may proceed
in rem may also, or in the alternative, proceed in personam
against any person who may be liable.
Statutory provisions exempting vessels or other property owned
or possessed by or operated by or for the United States from arrest
or seizure are not affected by this rule. When a statute so pro-
vides, an action against the United States or an instrumentality
thereof may proceed on in rem principles.
(2) COMPLAINT. In an action in rem the complaint must:
(a) be verified;
(b) describe with reasonable particularity the property that
is the subject of the action;

117 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule C

(c) in an admiralty and maritime proceeding, state that the
property is within the district or will be within the district
while the action is pending;
(d) in a forfeiture proceeding for violation of a federal stat-
ute, state:
(i) the place of seizure and whether it was on land or on
navigable waters;
(ii) whether the property is within the district, and if the
property is not within the district the statutory basis for
the court's exercise of jurisdiction over the property; and
(iii) all allegations required by the statute under which
the action is brought.
(3) JUDICIAL AUTHORIZATION AND PROCESS.
(a) Arrest Warrant.
(i) When the United States files a complaint demanding
a forfeiture for violation of a federal statute, the clerk
must promptly issue a summons and a warrant for the ar-
rest of the vessel or other property without requiring a
certification of exigent circumstances.
(ii)(A) In other actions, the court must review the com-
plaint and any supporting papers. If the conditions for an
in rem action appear to exist, the court must issue an
order directing the clerk to issue a warrant for the arrest
of the vessel or other property that is the subject of the
action.
(B) If the plaintiff or the plaintiff's attorney certifies
that exigent circumstances make court review impractica-
ble, the clerk must promptly issue a summons and a war-
rant for the arrest of the vessel or other property that is
the subject of the action. The plaintiff has the burden in
any postarrest hearing under Rule E(4)(f) to show that exi-
gent circumstances existed.
(b) Service.
(i) If the property that is the subject of the action is a
vessel or tangible property on board a vessel, the warrant
and any supplemental process must be delivered to the
marshal for service.
(ii) If the property that is the subject of the action is
other property, tangible or intangible, the warrant and
any supplemental process must be delivered to a person or
organization authorized to enforce it, who may be: (A) a
marshal; (B) someone under contract with the United
States; (C) someone specially appointed by the court for
that purpose; or, (D) in an action brought by the United
States, any officer or employee of the United States.
(c) Deposit in Court. If the property that is the subject of the
action consists in whole or in part of freight, the proceeds of
property sold, or other intangible property, the clerk must
issue-in addition to the warrant-a summons directing any
person controlling the property to show cause why it should
not be deposited in court to abide the judgment.
(d) Supplemental Process. The clerk may upon application
issue supplemental process to enforce the court's order with-
out further court order.
(4) NOTICE. No notice other than execution of process is required
when the property that is the subject of the action has been re-

Rule C FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 118

leased under Rule E(5). If the property is not released within 10
days after execution, the plaintiff must promptly-or within the
time that the court allows-give public notice of the action and
arrest in a newspaper designated by court order and having gen-
eral circulation in the district, but publication may be terminated
if the property is released before publication is completed. The no-
tice must specify the time under Rule C(6) to file a statement of
interest in or right against the seized property and to answer.
This rule does not affect the notice requirements in an action to
foreclose a preferred ship mortgage under 46 U.S.C. §§ 31301 et seq.,
as amended.
(5) ANCILLARY PROCESS. In any action in rem in which process
has been served as provided by this rule, if any part of the prop-
erty that is the subject of the action has not been brought within
the control of the court because it has been removed or sold, or
because it is intangible property in the hands of a person who has
not been served with process, the court may, on motion, order any
person having possession or control of such property or its pro-
ceeds to show cause why it should not be delivered into the cus-
tody of the marshal or other person or organization having a war-
rant for the arrest of the property, or paid into court to abide the
judgment; and, after hearing, the court may enter such judgment
as law and justice may require.
(6) RESPONSIVE PLEADING; INTERROGATORIES.
(a) Civil Forfeiture. In an in rem forfeiture action for viola-
tion of a federal statute:
(i) a person who asserts an interest in or right against
the property that is the subject of the action must file a
verified statement identifying the interest or right:
(A) within 20 days after the earlier of (1) receiving
actual notice of execution of process, or (2) completed
publication of notice under Rule C(4), or
(B) within the time that the court allows;
(ii) an agent, bailee, or attorney must state the author-
ity to file a statement of interest in or right against the
property on behalf of another; and
(iii) a person who files a statement of interest in or right
against the property must serve an answer within 20 days
after filing the statement.
(b) Maritime Arrests and Other Proceedings. In an in rem ac-
tion not governed by Rule C(6)(a):
(i) A person who asserts a right of possession or any own-
ership interest in the property that is the subject of the
action must file a verified statement of right or interest:
(A) within 10 days after the earlier of (1) the execu-
tion of process, or (2) completed publication of notice
under Rule C(4), or
(B) within the time that the court allows;
(ii) the statement of right or interest must describe the
interest in the property that supports the person's demand
for its restitution or right to defend the action;
(iii) an agent, bailee, or attorney must state the author-
ity to file a statement of right or interest on behalf of an-
other; and

119 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule E

(iv) a person who asserts a right of possession or any
ownership interest must file an answer within 20 days after
filing the statement of interest or right.
(c) Interrogatories. Interrogatories may be served with the
complaint in an in rem action without leave of court. Answers
to the interrogatories must be served with the answer to the
complaint.
(As added Feb. 28, 1966; eff. July 1, 1966; amended Apr. 29, 1985, eff.
Aug. 1, 1985; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec.
1, 1991; Apr. 17, 2000, eff. Dec. 1, 2000.)
Rule D. Possessory, Petitory, and Partition Actions
In all actions for possession, partition, and to try title main-
tainable according to the course of the admiralty practice with re-
spect to a vessel, in all actions so maintainable with respect to
the possession of cargo or other maritime property, and in all ac-
tions by one or more part owners against the others to obtain se-
curity for the return of the vessel from any voyage undertaken
without their consent, or by one or more part owners against the
others to obtain possession of the vessel for any voyage on giving
security for its safe return, the process shall be by a warrant of
arrest of the vessel, cargo, or other property, and by notice in the
manner provided by Rule B(2) to the adverse party or parties.
(As added Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966.)
Rule E. Actions in Rem and Quasi in Rem: General Provisions
(1) APPLICABILITY. Except as otherwise provided, this rule ap-
plies to actions in personam with process of maritime attachment
and garnishment, actions in rem, and petitory, possessory, and
partition actions, supplementing Rules B, C, and D.
(2) COMPLAINT; SECURITY.
(a) Complaint. In actions to which this rule is applicable the
complaint shall state the circumstances from which the claim
arises with such particularity that the defendant or claimant
will be able, without moving for a more definite statement, to
commence an investigation of the facts and to frame a respon-
sive pleading.
(b) Security for Costs. Subject to the provisions of Rule 54(d)
and of relevant statutes, the court may, on the filing of the
complaint or on the appearance of any defendant, claimant, or
any other party, or at any later time, require the plaintiff, de-
fendant, claimant, or other party to give security, or addi-
tional security, in such sum as the court shall direct to pay
all costs and expenses that shall be awarded against the party
by any interlocutory order or by the final judgment, or on ap-
peal by any appellate court.
(3) PROCESS.
(a) In admiralty and maritime proceedings process in rem or
of maritime attachment and garnishment may be served only
within the district.
(b) In forfeiture cases process in rem may be served within
the district or outside the district when authorized by statute.
(c) Issuance and Delivery. Issuance and delivery of process in
rem, or of maritime attachment and garnishment, shall be
held in abeyance if the plaintiff so requests.

Rule E FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 120

(4) EXECUTION OF PROCESS; MARSHAL'S RETURN; CUSTODY OF
PROPERTY; PROCEDURES FOR RELEASE.
(a) In General. Upon issuance and delivery of the process, or,
in the case of summons with process of attachment and gar-
nishment, when it appears that the defendant cannot be found
within the district, the marshal or other person or organiza-
tion having a warrant shall forthwith execute the process in
accordance with this subdivision (4), making due and prompt
return.
(b) Tangible Property. If tangible property is to be attached
or arrested, the marshal or other person or organization hav-
ing the warrant shall take it into the marshal's possession for
safe custody. If the character or situation of the property is
such that the taking of actual possession is impracticable, the
marshal or other person executing the process shall affix a
copy thereof to the property in a conspicuous place and leave
a copy of the complaint and process with the person having
possession or the person's agent. In furtherance of the mar-
shal's custody of any vessel the marshal is authorized to make
a written request to the collector of customs not to grant
clearance to such vessel until notified by the marshal or dep-
uty marshal or by the clerk that the vessel has been released
in accordance with these rules.
(c) Intangible Property. If intangible property is to be at-
tached or arrested the marshal or other person or organization
having the warrant shall execute the process by leaving with
the garnishee or other obligor a copy of the complaint and
process requiring the garnishee or other obligor to answer as
provided in Rules B(3)(a) and C(6); or the marshal may accept
for payment into the registry of the court the amount owed to
the extent of the amount claimed by the plaintiff with inter-
est and costs, in which event the garnishee or other obligor
shall not be required to answer unless alias process shall be
served.
(d) Directions With Respect to Property in Custody. The mar-
shal or other person or organization having the warrant may
at any time apply to the court for directions with respect to
property that has been attached or arrested, and shall give no-
tice of such application to any or all of the parties as the
court may direct.
(e) Expenses of Seizing and Keeping Property; Deposit. These
rules do not alter the provisions of Title 28, U.S.C., § 1921, as
amended, relative to the expenses of seizing and keeping prop-
erty attached or arrested and to the requirement of deposits
to cover such expenses.
(f) Procedure for Release From Arrest or Attachment. Whenever
property is arrested or attached, any person claiming an inter-
est in it shall be entitled to a prompt hearing at which the
plaintiff shall be required to show why the arrest or attach-
ment should not be vacated or other relief granted consistent
with these rules. This subdivision shall have no application to
suits for seamen's wages when process is issued upon a certifi-
cation of sufficient cause filed pursuant to Title 46, U.S.C.

121 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule E

§§ 603 and 604 1 or to actions by the United States for forfeitures
for violation of any statute of the United States.
(5) RELEASE OF PROPERTY.
(a) Special Bond. Except in cases of seizures for forfeiture
under any law of the United States, whenever process of mari-
time attachment and garnishment or process in rem is issued
the execution of such process shall be stayed, or the property
released, on the giving of security, to be approved by the court
or clerk, or by stipulation of the parties, conditioned to an-
swer the judgment of the court or of any appellate court. The
parties may stipulate the amount and nature of such security.
In the event of the inability or refusal of the parties so to stip-
ulate the court shall fix the principal sum of the bond or stip-
ulation at an amount sufficient to cover the amount of the
plaintiff's claim fairly stated with accrued interest and costs;
but the principal sum shall in no event exceed (i) twice the
amount of the plaintiff's claim or (ii) the value of the property
on due appraisement, whichever is smaller. The bond or stipu-
lation shall be conditioned for the payment of the principal
sum and interest thereon at 6 per cent per annum.
(b) General Bond. The owner of any vessel may file a general
bond or stipulation, with sufficient surety, to be approved by
the court, conditioned to answer the judgment of such court
in all or any actions that may be brought thereafter in such
court in which the vessel is attached or arrested. Thereupon
the execution of all such process against such vessel shall be
stayed so long as the amount secured by such bond or stipula-
tion is at least double the aggregate amount claimed by plain-
tiffs in all actions begun and pending in which such vessel has
been attached or arrested. Judgments and remedies may be
had on such bond or stipulation as if a special bond or stipula-
tion had been filed in each of such actions. The district court
may make necessary orders to carry this rule into effect, par-
ticularly as to the giving of proper notice of any action
against or attachment of a vessel for which a general bond has
been filed. Such bond or stipulation shall be indorsed by the
clerk with a minute of the actions wherein process is so
stayed. Further security may be required by the court at any
time.
If a special bond or stipulation is given in a particular case,
the liability on the general bond or stipulation shall cease as
to that case.
(c) Release by Consent or Stipulation; Order of Court or Clerk;
Costs. Any vessel, cargo, or other property in the custody of
the marshal or other person or organization having the war-
rant may be released forthwith upon the marshal's acceptance
and approval of a stipulation, bond, or other security, signed
by the party on whose behalf the property is detained or the
party's attorney and expressly authorizing such release, if all
costs and charges of the court and its officers shall have first
been paid. Otherwise no property in the custody of the mar-
shal, other person or organization having the warrant, or

1 Repealed by Pub. L. 9889, § 4(b), Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 600, section 1 of which enacted Title 46,
Shipping.

Rule E FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 122

other officer of the court shall be released without an order of
the court; but such order may be entered as of course by the
clerk, upon the giving of approved security as provided by law
and these rules, or upon the dismissal or discontinuance of the
action; but the marshal or other person or organization having
the warrant shall not deliver any property so released until
the costs and charges of the officers of the court shall first
have been paid.
(d) Possessory, Petitory, and Partition Actions. The foregoing
provisions of this subdivision (5) do not apply to petitory, pos-
sessory, and partition actions. In such cases the property ar-
rested shall be released only by order of the court, on such
terms and conditions and on the giving of such security as the
court may require.
(6) REDUCTION OR IMPAIRMENT OF SECURITY. Whenever security is
taken the court may, on motion and hearing, for good cause
shown, reduce the amount of security given; and if the surety
shall be or become insufficient, new or additional sureties may be
required on motion and hearing.
(7) SECURITY ON COUNTERCLAIM.
(a) When a person who has given security for damages in the
original action asserts a counterclaim that arises from the
transaction or occurrence that is the subject of the original
action, a plaintiff for whose benefit the security has been
given must give security for damages demanded in the coun-
terclaim unless the court, for cause shown, directs otherwise.
Proceedings on the original claim must be stayed until this se-
curity is given, unless the court directs otherwise.
(b) The plaintiff is required to give security under Rule
E(7)(a) when the United States or its corporate instrumental-
ity counterclaims and would have been required to give secu-
rity to respond in damages if a private party but is relieved by
law from giving security.
(8) RESTRICTED APPEARANCE. An appearance to defend against an
admiralty and maritime claim with respect to which there has is-
sued process in rem, or process of attachment and garnishment,
may be expressly restricted to the defense of such claim, and in
that event is not an appearance for the purposes of any other
claim with respect to which such process is not available or has
not been served.
(9) DISPOSITION OF PROPERTY; SALES.
(a) Actions for Forfeitures. In any action in rem to enforce a
forfeiture for violation of a statute of the United States the
property shall be disposed of as provided by statute.
(b) Interlocutory Sales; Delivery.
(i) On application of a party, the marshal, or other per-
son having custody of the property, the court may order
all or part of the property sold-with the sales proceeds, or
as much of them as will satisfy the judgment, paid into
court to await further orders of the court-if:
(A) the attached or arrested property is perishable,
or liable to deterioration, decay, or injury by being de-
tained in custody pending the action;
(B) the expense of keeping the property is excessive
or disproportionate; or

123 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule F

(C) there is an unreasonable delay in securing release
of the property.
(ii) In the circumstances described in Rule E(9)(b)(i), the
court, on motion by a defendant or a person filing a state-
ment of interest or right under Rule C(6), may order that
the property, rather than being sold, be delivered to the
movant upon giving security under these rules.
(c) Sales, Proceeds. All sales of property shall be made by the
marshal or a deputy marshal, or by other person or organiza-
tion having the warrant, or by any other person assigned by
the court where the marshal or other person or organization
having the warrant is a party in interest; and the proceeds of
sale shall be forthwith paid into the registry of the court to
be disposed of according to law.
(10) PRESERVATION OF PROPERTY. When the owner or another per-
son remains in possession of property attached or arrested under
the provisions of Rule E(4)(b) that permit execution of process
without taking actual possession, the court, on a party's motion
or on its own, may enter any order necessary to preserve the prop-
erty and to prevent its removal.
(As added Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; amended Apr. 29, 1985, eff.
Aug. 1, 1985; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec.
1, 1991; Apr. 17, 2000, eff. Dec. 1, 2000.)
Rule F. Limitation of Liability
(1) TIME FOR FILING COMPLAINT; SECURITY. Not later than six
months after receipt of a claim in writing, any vessel owner may
file a complaint in the appropriate district court, as provided in
subdivision (9) of this rule, for limitation of liability pursuant to
statute. The owner (a) shall deposit with the court, for the benefit
of claimants, a sum equal to the amount or value of the owner's
interest in the vessel and pending freight, or approved security
therefor, and in addition such sums, or approved security therefor,
as the court may from time to time fix as necessary to carry out
the provisions of the statutes as amended; or (b) at the owner's op-
tion shall transfer to a trustee to be appointed by the court, for
the benefit of claimants, the owner's interest in the vessel and
pending freight, together with such sums, or approved security
therefor, as the court may from time to time fix as necessary to
carry out the provisions of the statutes as amended. The plaintiff
shall also give security for costs and, if the plaintiff elects to give
security, for interest at the rate of 6 percent per annum from the
date of the security.
(2) COMPLAINT. The complaint shall set forth the facts on the
basis of which the right to limit liability is asserted and all facts
necessary to enable the court to determine the amount to which
the owner's liability shall be limited. The complaint may demand
exoneration from as well as limitation of liability. It shall state
the voyage if any, on which the demands sought to be limited
arose, with the date and place of its termination; the amount of
all demands including all unsatisfied liens or claims of lien, in
contract or in tort or otherwise, arising on that voyage, so far as
known to the plaintiff, and what actions and proceedings, if any,
are pending thereon; whether the vessel was damaged, lost, or

Rule F FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 124

abandoned, and, if so, when and where; the value of the vessel at
the close of the voyage or, in case of wreck, the value of her
wreckage, strippings, or proceeds, if any, and where and in whose
possession they are; and the amount of any pending freight recov-
ered or recoverable. If the plaintiff elects to transfer the plain-
tiff's interest in the vessel to a trustee, the complaint must fur-
ther show any prior paramount liens thereon, and what voyages or
trips, if any, she has made since the voyage or trip on which the
claims sought to be limited arose, and any existing liens arising
upon any such subsequent voyage or trip, with the amounts and
causes thereof, and the names and addresses of the lienors, so far
as known; and whether the vessel sustained any injury upon or by
reason of such subsequent voyage or trip.
(3) CLAIMS AGAINST OWNER; INJUNCTION. Upon compliance by the
owner with the requirements of subdivision (1) of this rule all
claims and proceedings against the owner or the owner's property
with respect to the matter in question shall cease. On application
of the plaintiff the court shall enjoin the further prosecution of
any action or proceeding against the plaintiff or the plaintiff's
property with respect to any claim subject to limitation in the ac-
tion.
(4) NOTICE TO CLAIMANTS. Upon the owner's compliance with sub-
division (1) of this rule the court shall issue a notice to all persons
asserting claims with respect to which the complaint seeks limi-
tation, admonishing them to file their respective claims with the
clerk of the court and to serve on the attorneys for the plaintiff
a copy thereof on or before a date to be named in the notice. The
date so fixed shall not be less than 30 days after issuance of the
notice. For cause shown, the court may enlarge the time within
which claims may be filed. The notice shall be published in such
newspaper or newspapers as the court may direct once a week for
four successive weeks prior to the date fixed for the filing of
claims. The plaintiff not later than the day of second publication
shall also mail a copy of the notice to every person known to have
made any claim against the vessel or the plaintiff arising out of
the voyage or trip on which the claims sought to be limited arose.
In cases involving death a copy of such notice shall be mailed to
the decedent at the decedent's last known address, and also to any
person who shall be known to have made any claim on account of
such death.
(5) CLAIMS AND ANSWER. Claims shall be filed and served on or
before the date specified in the notice provided for in subdivision
(4) of this rule. Each claim shall specify the facts upon which the
claimant relies in support of the claim, the items thereof, and the
dates on which the same accrued. If a claimant desires to contest
either the right to exoneration from or the right to limitation of
liability the claimant shall file and serve an answer to the com-
plaint unless the claim has included an answer.
(6) INFORMATION TO BE GIVEN CLAIMANTS. Within 30 days after
the date specified in the notice for filing claims, or within such
time as the court thereafter may allow, the plaintiff shall mail to
the attorney for each claimant (or if the claimant has no attorney
to the claimant) a list setting forth (a) the name of each claimant,
(b) the name and address of the claimant's attorney (if the claim-
ant is known to have one), (c) the nature of the claim, i.e., wheth-

125 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule F

er property loss, property damage, death, personal injury etc., and
(d) the amount thereof.
(7) INSUFFICIENCY OF FUND OR SECURITY. Any claimant may by
motion demand that the funds deposited in court or the security
given by the plaintiff be increased on the ground that they are
less than the value of the plaintiff's interest in the vessel and
pending freight. Thereupon the court shall cause due appraise-
ment to be made of the value of the plaintiff's interest in the ves-
sel and pending freight; and if the court finds that the deposit or
security is either insufficient or excessive it shall order its in-
crease or reduction. In like manner any claimant may demand
that the deposit or security be increased on the ground that it is
insufficient to carry out the provisions of the statutes relating to
claims in respect of loss of life or bodily injury; and, after notice
and hearing, the court may similarly order that the deposit or se-
curity be increased or reduced.
(8) OBJECTIONS TO CLAIMS: DISTRIBUTION OF FUND. Any interested
party may question or controvert any claim without filing an ob-
jection thereto. Upon determination of liability the fund depos-
ited or secured, or the proceeds of the vessel and pending freight,
shall be divided pro rata, subject to all relevant provisions of law,
among the several claimants in proportion to the amounts of their
respective claims, duly proved, saving, however, to all parties any
priority to which they may be legally entitled.
(9) VENUE; TRANSFER. The complaint shall be filed in any dis-
trict in which the vessel has been attached or arrested to answer
for any claim with respect to which the plaintiff seeks to limit li-
ability; or, if the vessel has not been attached or arrested, then in
any district in which the owner has been sued with respect to any
such claim. When the vessel has not been attached or arrested to
answer the matters aforesaid, and suit has not been commenced
against the owner, the proceedings may be had in the district in
which the vessel may be, but if the vessel is not within any dis-
trict and no suit has been commenced in any district, then the
complaint may be filed in any district. For the convenience of
parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, the court may
transfer the action to any district; if venue is wrongly laid the
court shall dismiss or, if it be in the interest of justice, transfer
the action to any district in which it could have been brought. If
the vessel shall have been sold, the proceeds shall represent the
vessel for the purposes of these rules.
(As added Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; amended Mar. 2, 1987, eff.
Aug. 1, 1987.)

Æ